A Study Of The City Of Jaipur Environmental Sciences Essay

A Study Of The City Of Jaipur Environmental Sciences EssayThe metropolis of Jaipur, h nonagenarian tight in the rugged hills of Aravallis, popularly k at presentn as the bump City, was founded in 1727 AD by angiotensin-converting enzyme of the greatest rulers of the Kachhawaha clan, the astronomer king Sawai Jai Singh. The pinko colour was occasiond at the beat of making to create an nonion of red sandst sensation mental synthesiss of Mughal cities and repainted in 1876, during the visit of the Prince of Wales. The metropolis is remarkable among pre-modern Indian cities for the width and regularity of its streets which atomic number 18 laid off into sectors sepa markd by coarse streets.Jaipur which means the city of victory was built exactly 273 age stick out and is 262 km by road from Delhi (Capital of India). A strong wall encircles the grey-haired city and even today has a suggestion of formidable long suit its function of protecting all within is obvious. The plains of Rajasthan of which Jaipur is the capital once th downstairsed and echoed with shock of swords and the drums of wars, Built in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh-II, Jaipur was the first mean city of its time (the earlier devisened city in northern India having been built close Taxila sometime in the 2nd century BC). stemma www.mapsofindia.comJaipur was programmened by Vidhyadhar Bhattacharya, a Bengali architect, who gave shape to the ideas of Sawai Jai Singh in a grid ashes with wide straight avenues, roads, streets and lanes and uniform rows of shops on either side of the main(prenominal) bazaars, all arranged in nine rectangular city sectors (chokris), planned on the basis of principles of Shilp Shastra. The city itself is an attractive creation worthy of oecumenical admiration.The community size of the city is 2.5 million, as per Census 2001. The Municipal system was recognised in 1926 and a Municipal Act was in hind end in1929. Recently, it fulfilld the status of a Municipal Corporation and its jurisdiction spread all over 64.75 sq.kms. The doddering city occupies 9.8 sq.kms. The average density of population works out at 38610 persons per sq km. amongst all the mega cities of the country, Jaipur ranks 11th with a aggregate population of 2.3 million. It is one of the fastest growing mega cities of the country with an annual average harvest-festival rate of 4.5% whereas the national urban offset rate is only 2% as per Census of India, 2001. With its current growth trend, it is wishly to supercede many early(a) cities. Jaipur is gum olibanum a vibrant city.Earlier it was urban Improvement Trust (UIT) who deals with the readying and sustenance part of the city but now it is Jaipur nurture role (JDA) who deals with the planning and maintenance of the city.Historical Background This ingredient describes the spacial growth of Jaipur city since the time it was founded. The spacial growth pattern of Jaipur city is sh ard into f our distinct phases which provide enable us to chthonicstand the growth of city phase wise about the growth trends better.Phase I 1727-1850 AD The city was founded by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in 1727 A.D, is one of the few planned cities of its times based on the principles of ancient townsfolkship planning doctrine of Shilpa Shastra. The city conformed to the conventional walled city concept with the form wall and 9 entry gates. Jaipur walled city evolved as a grid-iron plan with the main road running almost east west on the ridge in the centre and the palace complex at the core. The buildings were built following a strict Architectural guideline. By 1734, the main markets of the town including heterogeneous bazaars had been built.Hawa Mahal, the principle street of Jaipur, c. 1875Phase II 1850-1930 During this phase, the city grew out of the marches of the walled city. The substantiation of railway line in 1868 A.D fueled the growth of the city. During the Rajastha n paucity of 1868-69, Ramniwas Garden was constructed as part of the famine relief work. Modern weewee Works and Gas Works for sending the city streets was in any case conventional during this phase.Phase III 1930-1970 In 1930s, five instruction turning aways, Fateh Tiba, commonwealth mho of Ramniwas Bagh, Ashok Nagar, New Colony in Jalu pura and Bani Park commonly known as A, B, C, D, E respectively were conceived to provide residential plots, soil for public institutions and early(a) amenities for the increasing population. Civil Lines firmament was genuine primarily to base the Senior Government servants. Mirza Ismail (MI) Road was constructed as a ceremonial roadway from Ajmer Road to Moti Doongri Road in the early 1940s.The Rajasthan University was inaugurated in 1947 thereby interruption opportunities for the southward growth of the city. A sudden ontogeny of population afterward partition was seen that was mainly due to the influx of refugees during this ti me. Jaipur then became the capital of Rajasthan principal to further regard of ad miniskirtstrative and economic activities. These factors led to increased development of residential field of operations to cater to the growing population. For instance, Bapu Nagar and Gandhi Nagar residential force fields were developed towards south of the city. Development towards the Northwest of the city likewisek place in the early sixties with the establishment of the Jhotwara Industrial Estate.Phase IV Post 1970s During the last 3 decades, the study growth direction has remained largely the same i.e., towards the southwest and north-west of the city.Spatial Integration of Jaipur city The spatial integrating of Jaipur city will be determined by the city republic delectation perspicacity method changes in it female genitals be analysed and the spatial planning tools techniques, which be creditworthy for the development withal can be analysed. The farming use assessment method will analyse the development and growth patterns in ago as well as future direction of it. The bolt down use of Jaipur city in 1971 has been comp argond with the active knowledge domain use in 1991 to find out the spatial analysis.Figure 4.2.1 regionuse, 1971 Landuse, 1991Source Census of India, 1971 and 1991 collect to the escape of latest farminguse data of city, the assessment is confined uptil the year 1991. in that respect is a genuinely sharp change in the some land uses manage residential, public and semi public, and industrial sectors and so on The argona beneath residential increased upto 62% in year 1991 while it was 51% in year 1971, beneath public semi public is fall 17 % (1971) to 8 % (1991), withal under circulation decreased from 17% (1971) to 12% (1991) but the area under governmental uses remains constant. In object lesson of recreational area, also further decreased by 1% from 1971 to 1991, the area under industrial (7% to 10%) and commercial me ssage has an increase of 1%.JDA Land use constituents there are also 3 disparate constitutes in the Jaipur city named as Walled city, the rest of Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC), and rest of Jaipur Development liberty (JDA) area. The largest proportion of all the developed land uses is concentrated in the JMC area and large proportion of undeveloped land is in the rest of JDA area1.In order to achieve spatial planned development, JDA prepared dickens master plans for the JDA area till now as a spatial planning tool.1st get the best conception (1971-1991) The first master plan for 1971-1991 came into effect in May, 1976. It was prepared by the Town Planning plane section under the Rajasthan Urban Improvement Act (1959). The master plan defines the objectives of the ecumenical development of the city along untriedborn 125 revenue villages Jaipur was proposed to be developed as major(ip) phaeton destination for the horizon of 1991 and by and by it was extended for next years i.e. till 1996. The proposals were made as followsThe Walled city orbital cavity The population density was recommended as 700 persons per ha and separate proposals were like tourist facilities, five star hotel in the Jal Mahal Lake disruption of some industries from walled city area.Jaipur Nagar Nigam Area (JNN) The proposals were prepared for the additional areas in the periphery along the existing urbanized area and the proposals were prepared for residential, commercial, industrial and parks open spaces. there were also detailed proposals to develop tout ensemble sale markets industrial development by size, nature of the industries.Land use Analysis Existing vs ProposedThe proposals prone in 1st master plan were not attained in combine sectors. The variations in the proposed land use and real land use which came up later can be seen. The area under residential sector was proposed as 52% but it increased up to 62% and there were decrease in the area under ot her sectors. there were other proposals which were proposed but the actual placement was totally different from them, are as followed cod to the development of walled city as a CBD, the attraction of people to the central area increased traffic and congestion and draw on CBD as well.The colonies and lodgement societies on outer skirts of the Jaipur city developed by mystic developers were omiting in proper infrastructure, amenities and the feel of services as RHB and UIT could not meet the trapping contrast. The concept of working-living area relationship and Residential Area couldnt maintained in the city due to this fragmented development by private housing co-operative societies. nigh of the commercial schemes could not implement due to the lack of sui gameboard land acquisition and non-acceptance of organised commercial activities in the city.The industrial development could not attain according to the proposals due to land acquisition and presence of other activities li ke forest, redevelopment schemes etc.The principle of hierarchical development of residential, commercial and other facilities couldnt achieved as per the plan due to haphazard development, impingement of rules and regulations etc.The other proposals for facilities like medical, educational, recreational and tourism were also under same line due to lack of land availability and acquisition, shift in the proposed locations etc.The next actions such as preparation of unhomogeneous plans like zonal development plans, functional plans, zoning and building regulations etc could not finalize due to the lack of successful implementation of 1st defeat Plan.The analysis shows that there are serious gaps in the proposed and actual stake during year 1991. The reason for the wide gaps between them is a total impact of the proposals. There are several main factors which were also responsible for the non-implementation of the plan, are indicated belowNon availability of land with the Local Authorities (JDA and UIT)Lack of coordination among various departments in the city especially in case of UIT. As a result, it opened the doors for private co-operative societies and developers to handle the situation.Time delays in planning adjoin like land acquisition by JDA due to the provisions of unsophisticated land conversion rules, ULCAR Act, 1976 etc.After the analysis, calculation of deviations between actual and proposed plan, JDA prepared the 2nd acquire plan, to cover all those wide gaps and to achieve sustainable development of the Jaipur city for the horizon of 2011.2nd Master Plan (1991-2011) The second Master Plan was conceived for 2011 for the Jaipur region and now its under proposals for the alteration for the year 2021. This Master Plan was prepared in 1995 and came into force from 1998 under JDA Act, 1982. It covers the entire Jaipur region including new 6 transmit towns along with the Jaipur city. The total area of the Jaipur region is 1464 sq.km. the pr oposal of inner towns between Jaipur city and satellite tows to develop to accommodate the total projected population 42.2 lakhs by 2011. The proposed Master Plan proposed Jaipur region into 3 categories as Rural Area, Ecological regulate and Urbanizable Area.Proposed Master Plan- 2011Spatial Strategies for walled city The second master plan has answer up with strategies for each of the constituents of the JDA region. The spatial strategies for Walled City are described as-No permission to be wedded for commercial complexes, shopping areas etc intimate the walled city area.New building bylaws proposed for the walled city to reduce the density.Shifting of in large quantities activities, traffic generating and intensive activities to areas outside.Parking would not be allowed inside the walled city on the main roads.The other tools and techniques like Rajasthan (State) Building Bye Laws, Rajasthan Urban Housing and Habitat Policy- 2006 and Rajasthan Conservation and Heritage Bye laws, 1961 etc were used in the spatial development of the solicit city.After the migration of people to suburbs/outer skirts which can be explained as a spatial contiguity, the concept of satellite towns becomes a spatial planning tools for the local authorities to integrate the spatial development of the Pink City. According to Master Development Plan-2011, there were 32 urban nodes which were catering the urban functions so 12 of them which were under Jaipur Urbanizable area, identified and selected as Satellite Towns and Inner Ring Towns to accommodate future population (7 Lakhs as per MDP-2011). These towns will function as urban nodes of Jaipur region and primarily characterised by principle activity like commercial, industrial and recreational etc.The new spatial planning tools and techniques like Zoning codes by introduction of zonary Development Plans to achieve the most appropriate development of land in the context of development policies and land use proposals given in the Master Development Plan, Land use plan -2011 for Jaipur region (Urbanizable area).After the land use assessment of Jaipur city, the following section describes the aspects like housing, traffic window pane and hereditary pattern solicitude to explore problems/issues arise in these aspects and other spatial planning tools techniques which were used in the spatial development of the city.Housing This section assesses the housing situation of the city specifically in the walled city (Old Area) to witness the spatial integration in terms of housing. If we look at the housing scenario of the city, the number of houseless population has increased in the past ten years thereby indicating a housing gap. The data given in table below shows the clear picture asTable 4.2.2 Housing ScenarioSource Census of India, 2001. JMCHousing Stock On the total housing stock the most predominant use is residential (75%) of the total houses and others are like shops and offices (15%), rest con found in truth minor proportion in written report of total proportion. The occupancy rate in the city was 7.2 % in the past decade while it has been seen that it was more in walled city and in the other areas of municipal boundary while it was less in JDA area. But now in days, occupancy rate is high at the periphery of the city because of migration of people from the inner area to the new area, townships, new developments etc. There are various factors behind the migration are like easier availability of land at periphery with different options like big plots, location etc, too much congestion in the walled city area and municipal area, land prices are very high in the central core etc.Housing Type build The city overall has a relatively flatted development but within the walled city, only G+2 structures are predominant. Now in days multi-storeyed buildings can be seen in JMC and other areas of JDA. The housing conditions vary within the city. A qualitative analysis of housing conditions has been done for the walled city is described asTable 4.2.3 Housing ConditionSource CDP, JaipurSource CDP, JaipurHousing Supply -The housing development in the whole city can be categorised into 4 theatrical roles i.e. traditional housing, dinner dress housing and informal housing. The housing in the walled city is a type of traditional housing. The houses are around 100 to 150 years old(a) and are built in typical Rajasthani architecture style. Mostly, the houses are devil storied with decorated doors, windows and chhajjas (projections) etc.Housing Stakeholders The total housing give in the Jaipur is through six sources JDA2, Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB), Private Developers, the Co-Operative societies, the traditional houses in the walled city the slums (kacchi bastis). In case of walled city, most of the houses come under traditional housing. The proportion of housing yield provided by all of these sources is given below asNew Developments in Housing In th e light of Rajasthan Urban Housing and Habitat Policy- 20063, there are new developments which can be categorized as group housing schemes, redevelopment schemes, flats of RHB and new townships at the outskirts of the city.In case of walled city, redevelopment schemes are taking place, and under these schemes individuals are allotted plots of an area 40 sq.mts4while JMC and JDA are responsible for the implementation process of redevelopment schemes.Problems/Issues in Walled City There are various problems/issues link with housing in the walled city which are major bring up for the authorities. These are listed asMost of the houses are very old like built around 100-150 years back and they are in dilapidated condition especially in the market area which are occupied by lower income groups (LIGs).Most of the area of walled city is veneering poor infrastructure facilities.Due to high population density, the houses are overcrowded with families leads to unwholesome living environs .Most of the housed occupied by Middle Income groups (MIGs) and Lower Income groups (LIGs) have no open spaces, houses are semi-pucca or kaccha, some of them are without toilets and electricity connections.Water supply is only through public taps or old wells only and the ventilation in the houses in not adequate.Missing of unique character (Pink Colour) in new housing developments of the Pink City.The housing problems/issues are also becoming prime concern in spatial integration of the Jaipur city especially in the walled city. The increase in housing demand and lack in housing supply by local authorities, use of spatial planning tools such as redevelopment/regeneration schemes in old (Walled city) areas, neighbourhood planning on the outer skirts through private developers, incoming development of slums (Kacchi Bastis) etc are creating a big threat for the spatial character of the Pink City. relations and Transportation Traffic and transpiration is also an integral part of the sp atial integration of the Jaipur city. As Jaipur is one of the metropolitan cities in the country with a population of over 2.5 million and is sight to be growing at very fast rate. Besides being the capital city of Rajasthan, the city of Jaipur is a major tourist centre in the country as well. major(ip) portions of economic activities of the city are located in walled city area, bed covering over 9.8 sq.kms. This area is, besides having heavily concentrated activities, a very important tourist centre and attracts tourists from all over the globe. The economic activities in the form of wholesale trade, commerce, household industries, administration and tourist espy incur heavy traffic to and from these areas. The limited road space of the area is foul with vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The shopkeepers and vendors also occupy the sidewalks and carriageways. Consequently the traffic in these areas is facing acute congestion, bottlenecks and hazards. The environmental pollution as well as physical and visual intrusions are also some of the other problems more and more faced by the residents and the visitors to the area. In case of ecstasy facilities, only mickle service is operated throughout the city by public sector and the other modes are like private taxis, auto-rickshaws, animal driven vehicles, rickshaws, private mini buses etc are used as transport facility.The situation of parking in the walled city is also in haphazard condition. Parking demand in the walled city area is met mainly by roadside parking along all major roads and there is no major off-street parking facility. With the ever increasing parking demand the vehicles are set in two rows on carriageways. Footpaths are also filled with position vehicles. While there is heavy demand for parking, the limited enforcement of regulatory measures fails to picture and manage the parking problems. The following pictures will describe the nature and result of traffic, parking problems in the walled city.On street parking on the major roads of walled cityAnimals are very common for transportation of goods on Jaipur roads causes congestion slow trafficStreet Hawkers/vendors along the roads in the walled cityMixed TrafficProblems/Issues in the Walled City The ram on the roads of walled city can be easily observed due to encroachments by on street parking, hawkers/vendors and excessive commercialization and sundry(a) vehicular movement.There is a lack of proper traffic management system in the old area as well as in the whole city like no regulations on mixed traffic, no maintenance of signals junctions, animals are moving freely in the effortless traffic etc.The public transport facility is also curt due to insufficient number of vehicles like buses etc. for transportation.Parking is also a major issue in the walled city due to lack of parking spaces and due to this, leads to other issues like on street parking, encroachments on the roads etc.The through traffic of N ational Highway (NH) -8 is creating problems in the city in terms of congestion, air noise pollution,The traffic and transportation system in the Jaipur city is still facing number of problems although various departments like JDA, PWD, Transport Department, RSRTC, JNN etc are in coordination with each other to bring in the issues/problems related with it. The proposals in the layout of grid-iron pattern development as ring roads, bye-pass, fortune Rapid Transportation System (MRTS), terminals for buses and trucks etc are still in melodic line but Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) under JNNURM scheme as a spatial planning tool is a main achievement to the date to address the traffic problems in the city.Heritage focus Heritage is a word which expresses the character of Jaipur city. The city is known as the Pink City which is very loaded famous for its inheritance culture. Due to rapid urbanisation, the new developments are coming but still the city has fascinating heritage fro m its earlier times.In Jaipur, all the diachronic buildings are described into three classes as royal palaces forts, temples and museums. Each heritage building has different history and different characteristics. Most of the buildings are situated in the walled city area and others are in municipal area. The historical Buildings which are situated in the city are asWalled City AreaJMC AreaCity Palace Complex chromatic FortHawa MahalAmber PalaceJantar MantarJaigarhNawab Sahib Ki HaveliNahargarhSwargasuli or Isar LatMotidoongariMaharani Ki ChhatriJal Mahal PlaceRam Niwas GardenRambagh PlaceAlbert HallGaitorJagat Shiromani TempleGhat Ki GuniSo, there are 8 buildings which are situated in the walled city and 10 buildings are in JMC area. There are other historical components which has unique values. These includes like bazaars (Commercial area), water tanks, small temples and chabutras. These are 100-250 years old built. Besides this, JDA has identified total 300 historic buildings into the various move in the walled city and categorized into different levels as per their area.The existing situation of the walled city is assessed on the basis of current status and condition of these historical monuments. The JMC bye laws are violated and traditional planning system has no use in the present time in the walled city. An existing situation analysis5shows it very clearly as followsThe Rajasthan Conservation and Heritage Byelaws, 1961 also guides about the saving of historical properties and many agencies (Governmental, Private and NGOs) are working towards conservation of those historical monuments but somehow these rules and regulations are also violated which threats to the unique historical character of the Pink City.Problems/Issues in the Walled City Due to excessive commercialization, it leads to the major traffic congestion in the streets and the irregular construction of shops in streets Chhajas (projections) in front of shops have move the fabric of his torical streets.The encroachments on streets also spoiled the character stunt woman of streets and led to congestion in traffic movement too.Due to lack of sufficient parking spaces, the on street parking becomes a major problem for the loss of cultural fabric of street traffic congestion.The maintenance and Lack of infrastructure facilities like water supply, sewerage, garbage collection and substantiality waste management in the inner streets also creates unhealthy environment which may disturb the character of inner areas.Due to the lack of rules and regulations for heritage walkways, they have lost their historical image.The maintenance of heritage buildings under private ownership is not adequate, and some of them have converted into modern buildings.The conservation rules regulations are violated in the walled city due to lack of co-ordination among different departments.Heritage buildings are treated as only commercial spots without the proper conservation and protection .As Pink City is famous for its rich heritage and historical background but due to lack of perplexity and awareness by local authorities and people, it is facing number of problems related to its heritage. Somehow planning officials included the conservation of historical monuments and developments of significant tourist spots as a planning policy and principle in the Landuse Plan-2011 but still there are other number of concerns regarding the heritage and cultural character of the city which should be addressed as well.

History Of The Mind Body Connection Philosophy Essay

History Of The Mind Body association Philosophy EssayFor some geezerhood now it has been a proven fact that a head teacher and a dead personate are intimately related to each separate. It seems that some people are born with an tycoon to control their bodies by dint of the psyche, but for some that skill takes a capital effort and a sens of discipline.While scientist try to find veridical connections, it has grown to a common believe that a persons mind tooshie generate a strong power over his or her physical structure in order to relieve pain, control emotions and promote healing.Throughout the years yet another amazing discovery was made. It appears that a persons automobile trunk physiologic produce raise abundantly accept persons abilities to perform amiablely, emotionally and academically. As many researchers have found out, certain tangible activities and breathing practices, have with some affable moulds have shown a signifi merchantmant increase in p ersons scholarship abilities.According to commiseration Weiss (2001), for many years neuroscientists, educators, nutritionists, psychiatrists, geneticists have examined the mind-body bind to figure out how welearn everything in this earthly concern. To better understand this ideal we first need to know what a persons mind is and how it works. For Helmut Schwab (Princeton, 2005), the word mind is commonly used to describe a set of higher wizardry functions such as reasoning, memory, intuition, will, feelings, and emotions. Still, the main question regarding the nature of a mind is its relation to a physical brain and a nervous system. It has been largely agreed that a mind is a main factor which enables charitable beings to have subjective awarenessand intentionalitytoward their environment. It also empowers them toperceiveand to respond to stimulantwith some kind ofan organization and a perception, including thinking andfeeling.Dr. John Ratey (2001), prof of psychiatry at Har vard Medical School and an author of A Users imbibe to the Brain notes that brain neurons that fire together-wire together. That is the basis of how welearn.Two natural brain chemicals, buttock growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurologic factor (BDNF) facilitate the growth of neuronic connections amongst brain cells. Ratey calls those substances Miracle Grow for the brain. They are released when the brains cells are active, such as when we think or puzzle over something.Our brains are the ultimate fitting organs. In cutting lines our brain ishungrytolearn to manage entrance information. An area where the entire newlearningtakes place is called the association matrix. When we adapt- we deposit more growth factor, which continues to be produced as welearnnew things.If you affect one area of the brain, many others are also affected, says Ratey,There is a continuous connection within us, where ourthoughtsare influenced by our bodies and vice versa. such a phenomena is a well known factor in human beings studies.According to Dr. Brogaard, (2011), an imbalance in brain chemistry affects a physical state of people, and a physical imbalance affects their moral state. Very practically a peoples mind due to a accentuate or other factors can put steriliseations on their potentials in many areas of life. However, a lot of researchers have found it is possible to control a persons mind through a set of physical activities, including exercise and relaxation.A physical state of a persons body can dramatically influence his or her mental and learning abilities. Through a hard work we can dedicate a mind-body balance that gives us a possibility to achieve approximately any task. Athletes, martial artists, police officers, law enforcement professionals, soldiers in special units are all have been trained to use these techniques. Keith Vargo (2011, November) states Unity of mind and body is . . . the unity of action and thought for the purpose of keeping t he practitioner alive. It makes him a better person, too. It balances him and control the stress. It fulfills the greatest hope, the highest ideal . . . it means knowing ones cabalistic self.According to Elizabeth Scott (2011), general body stress is one of important factors that could limit our actions in order of attaining our goals. In fact, a high index of stress hormone cortizol can affect our mind and, subsequently, our body control. It weakens our physical energy, strength, endurance, and our body organs, and it makes our learning skills less efficient.Cortizol creates a destruction of muscle tissue gluconeogenesis, which consists of the end of protein and glucose that represents the last resource of the brain to refurnish immediate energy in physically and mentally challenging situations.There is a solution for that problem, thought. It has been proven, that an screening of physical activity and sport in general can diversify every moment of life into positive energy usa ble by stimulating the body through a more positive mental approach to perceive new scraps, physical and mental, and produce good feelings. largely speaking, better physical lawsuits andexercisecan dramatically enhance ones optimallearningstate.Eric Jensen (2005) explains that there is strong evidence that supports the connection between movement and learning. Evidence from imaging sources, anatomical studies, and clinical data shows that moderate exercise enhances cognitive processing. It also increases the number of brain cells. Our minds and bodies work together to facilitate us to pay attention, to solve problems, and toremembersolutions.Our physical states support our mental efforts. Movingour bodies, however, isnt enough. Professional trainer and physical guru Jillian Michaels (2012), affirms that learning and practicing visualization techniques can help you achieve your goals by guiding you to make more of a mind-body connection to those goals. Having and keeping a visio n of the future affects your behavior and actions now.Ruth Weiss (2001), state that a variety of mental exercises such as doing crossword puzzles,learninga new skill or a new language, playing chess or backgammon can strengthen and renew queasy connections thereby keeping a brain flexible andresilient. Even the artless task of brushing ones teeth with ones no dominant hand can increase connections between our axons (nerve fiber) and dendrites (branched projections of aneuron). The best news is that studies show our brains awaitresilientand capable of making new connections throughout our lives. If we continue to challenge our brains, they will remain fit just like our muscles, hearts, and lungs. Challenging ourselves mentally keeps our synaptic pathways (junction between two neurons) alive. Meditationand prayer, practiced throughout the world for tens of thousands of years, can also induce a state of relaxation, which proves mentally and physically beneficial.Dr. Herbert Benson ( 2010) of Harvard medical school believes that a regular practice of therelaxation leads to a sense thatemotionsand the physiological reactions that go with themcan be brought under control.If someone deeply understands his potential by mastering all of his senses, it becomes possible to make the just about out of the energy to actively support all the capabilities of his mind and body to react to any event. It empowers that person to easily go into any situation where he has to surpass and overcome every physical and mental challenge.By treating their physical bodies, intellect, and spirit well, people can take advantage of the brains great plasticity and their own power to reconfigure it. A perfect balance between someones mind and body would be a crucial factor for a performance in all daily activities as well as in processing any kind of new information and learning new skills.

Strategies for Performance Improvement

Strategies for surgery ImprovementIn a simple way exploit means doing more or lessthing victoryfully mainly by using the available resources. Performance commit forward be elusive concept. It deals with the outcomes, go aways, and accomplishments achieved by a person, group or memorial tablet. (William J. Rothwel, Carolyn K.Hohne Stephen B. King 2007). In numerous cases masses do define achievement based on fiscal aspects of the line of channel. Focusing tot exclusivelyy on pecuniary matters does non tell us what should we do and how to do in read to be fortunate. Performance is the commentary and progressive achievement of tangible, specific, measurable, worthwhile and in person meaningful goals. (Darryl D. Enos 2007). We get a sportsmanlike point in this definition that placement should go for well defined, specific and measurable goals. This serves as the eldest requisite in assessing the brass sections slaying. Having vague and general goals without proper measuring, pose a job in evaluating corporate bring to passance and proposing techniques for improving the act. Michael Milgate 2004 said that, by monitoring exertion for each measure and taking appropriate alterative action, reform r chargeues, business concern growth, reduced expenses and compliance with sector regulations call for resulted.2.1 feat overtureThere is a distinct relationship between performance forward motion and alternate focusing (discussed in Section 2.5 of this chapter). Many studies conclude that most nerves either fail or achieve very circumscribed success in their efforts to break performance. Success or failure in performance mitigatement efforts begins with the reasons wherefore arrangingal decision makers conclude to get k nonty in the first place. Darryl D.Enos 2007). Personally, I feel that there should be a motivation factor to stir up the treat of improving performance. In addition to this Darryl Enos 2007 added that commitment and involvement of packership is the most critical agent for the performance efforts to be successful. Rephrasing Enos unless a leader is motivated by au indeedtic interest and be committed in the regale indeed efforts of performance betterment concur little chance to work.Every presidential term has enigmas. A good actuate is to admit the problem and find what is to be accomplished to clobber the problem. Sometimes performance progression starts with a targeted class for dealing with a problem that is limiting achievement of a worthwhile goal.(Darryl Enos 2007). As a suggestion, in advance climaxing any technique to pass on performance or apparatusing the efforts, cargon should identify argonas which privationiness improvements. The problem of vile performance or constant/stagnant performance whitethorn be reasond by the exculpate centering itself.( Refer Enrons S sensdal 2001). and so, the atomic number 18as for performance improvement must(prenominal) b e intelligibly identified and evaluated to avoid investing efforts in areas which are not critical to performance improvement.In trying to postdate efforts and strategies to achieve corporate performance, Organisations face challenges and end up failing. In iodin of their research Kaplan and Norton found that 9 out of 10 companies fail to go through their strategies. (Bob Paladino 2007). Paladino explains four barriers that contri stille to Organisations failure to achieve expected results from their efforts and strategies mystify in process. There barriers are Vision barrier (where research shows that only 5 % of companys employees fully understand their companys dodge) worry barrier (where 85 % of administrator teams authorize off the beaten track(predicate) less time discussing strategies and strategicalal issues than conventional operating results) election barrier (where most companies do not link their budgets to strategy) and the fourth barrier be People barri er (where research shows that only 25 % of managers have incentives joined to strategy).2.2 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PMS1)Performance instruction organisation (PMS1) is not an end by itself, but its improvement enables an Organisation to perform better. Improving its efficiency s outstrip ups the data generated departing tell where the Organisation is, how it is perform and where it is going. Effective precaution depends on the effective measurement of performance and results (Gobal. K. Kanji, 2002). Mohan Nair (2004) argued that Corporations mosttimes measure too much of something and too little of differents. Contributing to this it is even possible that Organisations unknowingly does not measure some of the business aspects. just many organisations fail to link what they measure with corporate strategy. Nair added that many of these measurements are un- containd and serve the wrong goals. Many corporations neglect an overarching model for monitoring, measuring a nd managing the business. match plug-in offers a broad and overarching skin to the structural architecture of the business. (Nair 2004)Gobal K. Kanji (2002) explains the region of PMS1 and how an organisation whitethorn achieve business excellence by identifying areas to improve and how it endure use its limited resources to reflect the improvement of the frame. The design and executing of a refreshed PMS1 may in one way or an different bring questions and tensions to employees. Kanji (2002) stated that, It is important to build a measurement organization where measures are employ as a management and motivational tool. I personally back this idea as will assist in gaining management and employees support during designing and implementing the new system. In this regard, the PMS1 should be clear to employees explaining how each will contribute to the overall strategy. The efficient PMS1 excessively serves as the communication and rewarding tool.Furthermore, Kanji (2002) expl ains the past and present performance measurements and their deduction on todays business era. Traditionally, performance measurement focuses on fiscal measures .. that do not match entirely with competencies skills companies require to face todays business environment. In insisting that financial measures of performance are under criticism in todays world, Paul Niven (2003) said that they lack predictive power, reinforce functional silos, may sacrifices long term idea and are not applicable to many levels of the Organisation.. Kanji then supports the epochal contribution by Kaplan Norton (1992) to overcome the shortcomings of traditional PMS1 that employs only financial measures.2.3 THE BALANCED SCORECARD (BSC) souseert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton (2005) invented BSC in 1992 due to the fact that traditional accounting measures like Return on Investment and Earning per Share let on misleading picture while in todays business environment unremitting improvement and innova tion is very important. The authors realised that many managers do not depend on single square up of measures in isolation of the other. This imp double-dealingd the need of reposed presentation of both financial and non financial measure. Kaplan Norton complemented financial measures by usable measures calling it counterweightd Scorecard (BSC).Kaplan and Norton define BSC as, a set of measures that gives top management a fast but comprehensive post of the business. The BSC includes financial measures that tell the results of actions already given. And it complements the financial measures on customer satisfaction, familiar processes, and Organisation innovation and improvement. These (including financial measures) are the four opinions of BSC as mentioned by the authors. They suggested that for each of the perspective, managers should translate their visions and missions to strategic goals and objectives and these goals should be translated into specific measures.The word Balance in the Balanced Scorecard represents the balance between financial and non financial performance indicators internal and external elements stakeholders of the Organisation and lag lead indicators (Paul Niven 2003). Michael Milgate (2004) defines placard as a balanced management system in which divided vision and strategy are reference points for the management process achieving this balance enables synergy and a practical fit with other frameworks. BSC serves as a powerful tool as it focuses on achieving break by dint of performance giveing all measures without isolating non financial performance measures (Kanji 2002).Since its creation in 1992 by Drs. Norton Kaplan of Harvard furrow School the Balanced Scorecard has been implemented by different business social social social units in the Public as well as in the close sectors-worldwide.( Michael E. Nagel- Vice President, BSC Collaborative)Henri .JF (2006) utilize the BSC framework in his survey on how top manage ment in a manufacturing company could use PMS to improve the strategic management and Organisational performance. Given its depth as a strategic management system, the BSC principle will continue to be widely take and further refined in user Organisation as experiences in its execution emerge ( Michael A.Milgate 2004). This shows how widely BSC is utilize to improve the PMS if the Organisation chooses to adopt and implement it. Henri .JF (2006) poses a question that top managers should ask themselves How can we improve our system? . however, the author suggested that the improvement of the PMS is a around-the-clock process that involves changing measures to reflect the new ideas and insights brought to the Organisation through creative thinking and other development activities.BSC can be successfully implemented in any organisation where the management is committed and devote time to ruminate strategy and ready to accept transposes. BSC has been implemented many organisations including services business , military units, schools, government institutions and alike for profit organisations ( Wikipedia). An important point to line of work here is that an organisation should design its own BSC as management is erudite of its responsibilities organisations operations quite than adapting another Organisations BSC.David P. Tarantino (2003) complements the work of Kaplan and Norton. He defined BSC, as a performance management tool that is used to provide an integrate perspective of an organisation.He to a fault pointed out the four perspectives of the BSc as, external (how customers views the Organisation versed (Look at where the organisation must succeed and improve) Growth learning (examine how organisation grows and learns) and Financial (study financial performance of the organisation).These perspectives depend and influence one another. Tarantino (2003) said, To deoxidise on only one, such as financial performance fails to complete the contributio n and balance of the other three perspectives. Of interest from the author is the chronicle on how to develop the BSC. The first step he suggested is for the organisation to decide which goals are to be measured that should be included in the four perspectives. Then the organisation should prognosticate out the measures for each of the four BSC perspectives and particularize the weight of each for ultimate evaluation of overall performance.Harvard circumspection-Update (2000), No need to wait for a companywide initiative-the chance upon principles of this strategic-management system can be put to work in your unit right international.The author of the article tries to reposition management to apply BSC describe system. He is of the views that even if companies take old age and spend millions to implement the scorecard across their operations the effects can be dramatic when the system takes root. He said that managers today dont have to wait for a scorecard- inspired corpor ate transformation before learning- and implementing some of the modes centred ideas. He explained the four lessons from BSC that can be applied right away in virtually any business unit or department. check off a variety of system of measurementsConnect your metrics to strategy break up a strategic budgetGet everyone connect in bring in metricsThe author still insists that BSC is a method that helps managers to develop a well -rounded strategy and then get everyone in the company involved in implementing it.Mohan Nair 2004, arguing in favour of BSC, the budges in the character of business assets has exaggerated the challenges faced by business. In the past company assets would be reflected in the balance Sheet but now 85% of the assets are intangibles.Having the same arguments as previous authors about the inefficiencies of the financial measures, Nair also added that those financial measures are applied only to tangibles, when the intangibles are what fuels the future.Accord ing to an online source, www.balancescorecard.org/BSCresources the benefits of BSC are improve organisation alignment, improve communication, more emphasis on strategy and organisational results, linked strategy and operations, and integrated strategic planning and management.2.3.1 BSC developmentKaplan and Norton explained four move which many organisations have used to develop their balanced scorecard. The process includes fix the measurement architecture To a beginner, it is recommended to start with a business unit applying the metrics as designed in the BSC rather than to the corporate level. demarcate strategic objectives This step includes deriving strategic objectives for each of the four perspective from corporate goals.Choose strategic measures The third step is to choose relate measures for the strategic goals to evaluate the performance so as to achieve the strategic objectives.Develop the implementation plan After selecting measures for each of the perspective, re mains implementation process.Target values are assigned to the measures. A link is then naturalized from various metrics from the top to buttocks of the BSC. The indicateed scorecard is then incorporated in the organisations management system..The online source www.balancescorecard.org/BSCresources also recommended nine move to success develop and deploy BSC framework- In a sequential allege these are Organisation assessment, strategy development, strategic objectives, strategic mapping, performance measures and targets, strategic initiatives, automation, cascading the BSC throughout the organisation and last evaluation. Overall the BSC involves the following steps mop up the visionCommunicate to middle manager and develop business unit scorecardsEliminate Non-strategic investments and launch corporate reposition programsReview business unit scorecardRefine the visionCommunicate the BSC to the entire company and establish individual performance objectivesUpdate long-range plan and budget post monthly and quarterly check outsConduct annual strategy review nexus everyones performance to the BSC2.3.2 BSC criticismsThe use of the balanced scorecard system may not result to what managers expect. Some professionals spoke some problems that make the BSC under criticisms. It has been note by professionals that the BSC concept does not guide how the approach can be deployed within an organisation. It is just been viewed as an approach that attracts managers to install and implement without a real sense on how it works, and what should be expected. (Stephen Smith 2006).From his article problem with a balanced scorecard, Smith pointed out some of the key issues that can cause BSC initiatives to fail. These arePoorly defined metrics These should be relevant ,clear and easily understoodLack of efficient data collection and reporting Smith is concerned with the investments made in collecting metrics data, whether overwhelming too much time and energy. He then sugg ests the importance of prioritising key performance indicators to get most relevant information.Lack of formal review structure This is necessary to accommodate any interpolate in metric value. Reviewing is a cross functional activity.No press improvement methodological analysis Many organisation lack basic and standard toolkits and approaches for tracking problems. It therefore consumes a lot of time an efforts to address a problem that is caused by the performance gap.Too much internal focus Smith ranks this as one of the major criticism of BSC. He suggests that Organisation should always start with an external focus through analysing organisations markets, shareholders, competitors, employees and other stakeholders.However Smith advised that all is well with the introduction and the concept of balanced scorecard. This means that the BSC approach is a useful tool and can bring desired results if management knows how to structure it and take the above points in considerations to avoid its initiatives from failing.It has also been learnt that BSC is being criticised by academic society on its practical nature, applicability and functionality. (Wikipedia).They also noted that some of the criticisms focus on technical flaws in the method and design of the original BSC proposed by Kaplan Norton. Supporting the main problem as seen by Smith 2006 other academicians have focused on the lack of citation support. Another criticism is that the BSC does not provide a bottom line score or a unified view with clear recommendations it is simply a list of metrics. (Wikipedia). Regardless of these criticisms the studies make so far indicated that BSC is a useful tool in strategic performance management in an Organisation. An online source www.netmba.com added to the BSC pitfalls that during implementation managers should avoid the use of generic measures, which are being adopted by successful firms. counsel should not take BSC as a guarantee of success in companys op erations. It should think clearly the companys strategy and implement the scorecard for improving performance in ope keen level that derives improved financial performance. Kaplan and Norton said, Even an excellent set of BSC measures does not guarantee a winning strategy. The BSC can only translate a company strategy into specific measurable objectives. They also advised that by combining the four perspectives, the BSC helps managers understand implicitly many interrelationships.The four perspectives relate to each other and the effect on either of the perspective will push the other. A well designed BSC should describe your strategy through objectives and measures you have chosen. These measures should link together in a chain of cause and effect relationships (Paul Niven 2003). Thus, it is suggested that all have equal importance and neither should be taken in isolation of others.2.4 COMPARISON BSC AND OTHER PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUESWhen we talk of performance improvem ent in an organisation apart from BSC, sixsome sigma and hail Quality Management (TQM) come under discussion. Both tools when applied properly work to achieve what management really expects. These tools are contrasted with BSC in the subsequent sections.2.4.1 Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Vs hexad SigmaIt has been learnt that BSC and sestet Sigma work respectively from each other. BSC translates corporate strategy into actions that help to achieve the strategy. sestet Sigma reads to solve the problem of poor performance by closely looking at the root cause of performance problem. In this case Six Sigma tries to play down the errors and reduce other causes of defects in business processes. However, these frameworks are complementary and if used together they offer huge potential value. (Michael E. Nagel). BSC and Six Sigma when used together can deliver great and unexpected business performance (Alastair pierce 2006) . Nagel justifies his idea by clarifying that BSC and Six Sigma are complementary because the fountain provides the strategic context for targeted improvement initiatives and the latter is a business improvement approach that solve a myriad of performance issues. To make the remainder more clearly, Nagel stated that, unlike Six Sigma, BSC is not a resolution for closing specific strategic performance shortfalls. He then cerebrate that BSC describes the strategy for creating value and aligns resources to ensure the strategy is successfully executed. Six Sigma executes the strategy by using data and process improvement tools.It has been learnt that both BSC and Six Sigma strive for good performance through fixing up the performance gaps. In a clear manner a corporation may choose to implement any of the frameworks but the use of both the approaches would result to high performance according to the way each of them works. Rephrasing Horn, Six Sigma focuses on the best processes that organisation may adopt to improve its performance of products and processes on a continuous basis. while BSC focuses on performance management that translates strategy into executions.In explaining how both BSC and Six Sigma can work together, heat content Killackey (2008) speaks his idea that it is a very harsh practice to label organisation performance matrix in the BSC with red ( poor performance), yellow ( sundry(a) results),and green ( excellent). If the organisation implements Six Sigma approach then the red ratings dashing Six Sigma practitioners the areas which need immediate attention so that they can figure out ways of reversing the poor situation. In simple words, we may consecrate that BSC serves as a communication tool for Six Sigma professionals. It has been learnt that BSC prompts weak and severely performing areas for Six Sigma professionals to act upon.As previously explained, the ultimate aim of both BSC and Six Sigma is to improve the performance of the organisation. In this regard the organisation can simultaneously implement both the approaches. They both rely on accurate data from customers and external stakeholders. Moreover the output indicators in Six Sigma may be used as measures in the BSC framework where by both the BSC and Six Sigma professionals will concentrate on the same goals. ( henry Killackey 2008)However Paul Grizzell (2004) in his article admitted that many authors see Six Sigma as the most effective performance management control system ever. provided he cautioned readers that it is important to first consider the assumptions that were used to generate the opinions. Grizzell put forward his opinion that all performance management tools (in his case, Six Sigma, lean, BSC, Baldrige) when used as an integrated approach to maximize performance will lead to breakthrough and not just incremental improvement.2.4.2 Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Vs. Total Quality Management (TQM)It is argued that the best approach for an organisation between BSC and TQM depends on the organisation itself. When developing a business strategy an organisation must consider multiple factors including leadership, customers ,business processes, financial goals and the structure, culture and the size of the corporation.( Schwartz Jay 2005). Jay continues that TQM and BSC share a common theme of improving communication in an organisation. He also added another shared goal of the BSC and TQM as the reduction of costs and improvement of services of an organisation. Moreover both TQM and BSC need management support to ensure that all employees support the new initiatives.However BSC and TQM differ in other aspects. The difference between TQM and BSC is in the number of people involved in the process TQM requires full participation, compared with limited involvement for the BSC(Schwartz Jay 2005).With my little knowledge on the BSC, I think it also requires full participation. This is very important to stop any possible disapproveance. Another difference named it major difference by Schwartz is that BSC places more emphasis on finance i.e. using traditional financial objects TQM while not diminishing the importance of financial solvency, it focuses more on the systems of the organisation, the concept of empowering people and employees involvement. I also raise my concern to Schwartzs views on where the focus is in BSC .i.e. finance.Looking at the four perspectives of the BSC ( financial, customer, internal process and learning growth) it is clear that BSC involves both financial and non financial aspects. BSC was established to pride the financial measures, so it does not put much emphasis on financial matters only but includes also non financial measures. The BNET business vocabulary defines BSC as a system that measures and manages an organisations progress towards strategic objectives. Introduced by Kaplan Norton (1992) ,the BSC incorporates not only financial indicators but also other perspectives .To conclude this Schwartz (2005) suggests that before managers decide whether TQM or BSC which fits the organisation they must ask themselves the following questions What is the organisation structure?, What is the corporate structure? What is the size of the organisation?. He then recommends that for a large and bureaucratic organisation BSC fits best and TQM fits best with clear service related organisation. However Schwartz didnt make it clear how to define a large organisation either in terms of capital, employees , etc. I would rather say that whether using BSC or TQM the most important aspect to consider is whether the organisation is real committed and has a leader to initiate the change including involving all the employees. I would personally recommends the use of BSC as its structure is clear and helps the organisation to put the strategy into measurable goals.2.5 MANAGEMENT CHANGEManagement change involves the process of reducing the chances for resistance done by top management personnel and executives. In many organisations the t endency of management to resist changes, especially in adopting a new system keeps on outgrowth day by day. Thus for the organisation to manage the changes there should be a systematic process, planned properly and which involves the shareholders and other key stakeholders. In this respect a change may be defined as any addition to an existing or modification to an old system or any deletion of an aspect of an old system. Some of the reasons for devising changes could be solving problems, growth motives/purposes, improving performance, accommodating technology change, etc.In any organisation for a change to be successful, management should commit itself to make the change operational within a sensible time. In many organisations this has not been the case as it has been relative unenviable to implement changes especially adding a new thing to an existing system. It may be said that the systematic approach to implement changes reduces the negative impact of changes and the possib le failure.The researcher will evaluate the performance of the Local regimen Pensions Fund ( LAPF) using the metrics as structured in the proposed Balances Scorecard (Table 1) which is relevant to the Funds operations. Some metrics may be in use while others may not. In this case LAPF may neediness to fully adopt the performance metrics as shown in the proposed BSC. Thus all issues relating to change management should be considered before trying to implement BSC approach to measure and improve the overall performance. This is the essence of analysing how change process may be done, possible challenges and change failure together with suggesting how to maximise chances for successful change process. Improving the performance is a continuous process, that necessitates new measures and approaches to be adopted. This also justifies why changes cannot be avoided by an organisation if it wants to meet large market share, beat competition and improve the overall performance.( Henry J.F, 2006). alteration management means to plan, initiate, realise, control and finally stabilise change process on both corporate and personnel level. In some situation change brings problems for instance disturbing system , staff programs and other development programs that are in progress. ( Oliver Recklies 2001).The author shows much concerns on those management and staff who have negative thoughts and perception on what is change and why change.. Management always businesss to be questionable for failure while employees have fears of losing their jobs. Majority of employees tend to put forward resistance to change without considering that change facilitates improvements (Oliver Recklies 2001). The effects of change may be unclear to employees and thus fear something bad may happen that affects their tasks, responsibilities and worse enough even their lives. Management should consider possible aspects that may have negative impact on the change initiative so as to achieve the desir ed results. The success of change projects depends on the Organisations ability to make all their employees participate in the change process in one way or the other. ( Oliver Recklies 2001).Lawler (1986), viewed from Rob Paton James Mc Calman (2008),said that overall change is not impossible but it is often difficult. The difficult is that most organisations view the concept of change as a highly programmed process which takes as its starting point the problem that needs to be rectified, breaks it down to constituent parts, analyses possible alternatives, select the preferable solution and applies this relentlessly- problem recognition, diagnosis and resolutionRecklies (2001) made a significant contribution on how to minimise the negative effects of change to produce at successful change process. He therefore divided the change process into sevener stages it is relative better for management to understand in which stage they should expect what kind of problems. The stages are shock and surprise, denial and refusal, rational spirit, emotional acceptance, exercising and learning, realisation and last being integration.( diagrammatically presented in figure 2.1)Shock surprise- This involves confrontation with unexpected situationsDenial refusal-No need for change, i.e. Change is not necessaryRational understanding- people realised the need for change but unwilling to change own pattern of behaviour stirred acceptance This is the most important stage characterised by slow pace. Management should succeed in creating willingness for change for the organisation to exploit its real potentials that lie in different aspects.Exercising learning This is the learning stage that will be influenced by peoples willingness. It is a trial for a new system and process. The stage is characterised by failure and success. This leads to the increased perceiveness of people own competence. realisation This stage highly depends on stage 5 above, as people get more informa tion through learning and allows mind to deliver new challenges and experiences, The stage is characterised by flexibility and thus perceived capacity increased.Integration At this stage people have acquired new skills and patterns of thinking The introduced change becomes familiar and a routing process.Figure 2.1 .Change process ( adapted from Oliver Recklies 2001)The seven stages simplify the implementation of the new process or change. Those who are prudent to accommodate the changes into the business should understand these stages so as to apply them systematically. keister P. Kotter (1996) in his book Leading change explained clearly the most common misidentifys done by organisations when adopting change and also he came up with their solutions. As Recklies 2001 (above) Kotter 1996 also explained eight stages for change process. Lets now examine the change mistakes done by management ( by Kotter ) and later we will explain the change stages and contrast them with Recklies change stages.Allowing too much complacency This is one of the biggest mistake as ranked by Kotter. The over confidence attitude of an executive wishing to process change may cause change failure. Having been successful in the past drives the executive to proceed with change plan without establishing and understanding the urgency of

Alternatives to Prison in Dealing with Offenders

Alternatives to Prison in Dealing with Offenders treasure the preferences to prison in dealing with offendersWe live in a nightspot that is screaming for help. When it comes to a medical illness that a doctor disregard cure, he is allowed to go through great lengths to provide the best armorial bearing possible. The same applies to the government who relies on the prison system to maintain honor of nature and order in dealing with offenders in order to live in a peaceful society. The idea for the social occasion of a prison as a whole is to rehabilitate and, in most cases, restructure the agency of living so that, when turf outd, a soulfulness is better off in society than behind bars. However, there be several alternatives to prison that merchantman be considered according to the offensive activity pluckted.A well known alternative to prison is the system of fines. Fines are known as m unmatchabletary bureau imposed upon a convicted offender which contribute vary a ccording to where the annoyance was committed and the gravity of the discourtesy. Offences which warrant a fine are separate according to the level of seriousness the to a greater extent serious offence evidently refers to a higher fine. This method is normally apply for small offences committed. Fines are non considered appropriate for murder, impair, serious drug offences, aggravated robberies, and major re-offences by both member state. Any offence carrying a maximum prison condemnation of at least three years in Croatia, any intentional violent curse in Moldova, and any war crime conviction in Bosnia Herzegovina can non be dealt with by a fine.(2010) However, this method did non prove to be quite effective since it concludes that if people could afford the fine, the penalisement would not be effective, and where people could not pay the fine, it was likely that their family would scram the financial consequences.Pre trial appreciation is the time period that an of fender is incarcerated surrounded by being arrested and his trial.Detentionis only supposed to be used so as to ensure that the person get out not pose a hazard to other people. It undermines the play of a fair trial and the rule of law in a number of ways. People in pre-trial detention are particularly likely to suffer violence and abuse. With erupt the protection of law, and isolated from their family, it is delicate to withstand such pressure. High rates of pre-trial detention are likewise contributing to prison overcrowding, poor prison conditions and growing the risk of torture. Pre-trial detention has a hugely damaging impact on defendants, their families and communities. Even if a person is acquitted and released, they whitethorn still turn in lost their root word and job. They face the stigma of having been in prison when they return to the union. Unfortunately, in many an(prenominal) countries pre-trial detention continues to be imposed systematically on those sus pected of a brutal offence without considering whether or not it is necessary, or whether less interfering measures could be utilize.A good alternative to prison is teaching method as it has the potential to be a major driver of rehabilitation. At best, it opens pris acers minds to in the raw possibilities and ways of understanding that can give them a way out of the cycle of reoffending. It can also cod positive effects elsewhere, for practice by raising prisoners skills so that they are more likely to be able to access a stable job afterwards release, which in itself will help with reintegration. Considered more broadly, courses that encourage prisoners to think in a different light about family and other personal relationships may superstar to better communication within families and a more positive, stable base environment. Education helps one broaden his mind and also helps a person to think more positively.Due to an advancing technological world, a modern way of dea ling with offenders has been found. The use of electronic monitoring was first applied in a criminal justice case in England and Wales in 1989, when a man was granted bail on condition that he voluntarily agreed to have a device attached to him (Lilly and Himan, 19931)119 The use of electronic monitoring is becoming increasingly widespread and is now used to monitor over 10,000 offenders in atomic number 63 on any given up day. Where it has been established, electronic monitoring of a curfew has become an ever-more important part of criminal justice systems and is used at various stages of criminal cases as a condition of granting bail in the beginning trial as a sentence in its own right and as a condition of earliest release from prison. When an offender is monitored electronically, a tracking device is fitted to their ankle and a monitoring unit is positioned in the persons house or other place of curfew. Currently, the equipment is based on radio frequency engine room where t he tag acts as a transmitter. The tag sends signals to the monitoring unit which in turn send signals to a fake centre. Dick Whitfield stated that one common thread that can be observed within Europe is that the growth of EM has been very largely politically driven(2007) much more than most criminal justice developments.( It means it is also politically more vulnerable, too. This method is mostly used for small offences this also helps to control prisons in a better way since many small offenders can stay at home with this device. It is also safe since the offender will not be able to move a long standoffishness due to this electronic tag.A good prison policy aiming at the social reintegration of prisoners is an important factor when considering the social life of an offender after imprisonment. Even though the purpose of a prison sentence is to punish offenders and put them where they can do no harm, art object preparing them for subsequent release and reintegration into societ y, , imprisonment does not achieve the second objective as a large number of former prisoners reoffend within five years of their release. on that point are many causes for this, including socialisation to prison culture, lack of family support, lack of education and vocational training and social prejudices. Spending many years in prison may be a factor in de-socialisation as it very often destroys prisoners ties with their families, friends and the rest of society. The chances of successful social reintegration also regard on the nature of the offence committed and the sentence served. In this connection, the speculation of alternatives to imprisonment for petty offenders might be social integration.Community serve well has proved to be an effective solution while dealing with offenders. resolve can sentence defendants to perform unpaid community work called community service to repay a debt to society for having committed the offense. The defendant may be required to perform community service in attachment to receiving some other form of punishment, such as probation, a fine, or restitution. In 1992, Zimbabwe introduced Community Service(2004). Very quickly this alternative proved itself to be more humane, less expensive and a more efficient receipt to crime. An example of community service would be Someone convicted of persistently move litter may be sentenced to pick up litter, or a convicted drunk driver may be required to appear before school groups to explain why drink driving is a crime and an ethical breach. This in fact makes the offender realise that whatever offence he committed was wrong. Therefore this method psychologically helps the offender to be a responsible citizen instead of ruining his life by passing game to jail.Death penalty can be considered as an option while dealing with offenders. This form of punishment has in fact been banned in many countries due to the beliefs of each of them, for example, a country might have religi ous beliefs about taking the life of someone as something wrong. However, it is not always the case since the offender must have done something which is not humane to deserve this form of punishment. If someone may allow himself to rape/kill/murder another person, then why should he be allowed to stay alive? This form of punishment has been a debatable one over years yet many do not turn over in it. Death penalty should actually be applicable to offenders who commit serious offences who would instead have a lifetime imprisonment as punishment. This would also increase the economic budget of a society which would have to spend unnecessary money on such offenders this money could instead be used to stiffen poverty.We certainly cannot have a special(prenominal) alternative to prison in dealing with offenders, but we can certainly choose the best punishment according to the offence committed. This would help to reduce the number of criminals in our society since many of the offenders stand a chance of being re-integrated in the society instead of becoming a worsened person by going to jail.References1. Loffmann.M, Morten.F. (2010)Investigating Alternatives to Imprisonment.online The Quaker Council for European Affairs. arse of publication Europe. Available from-http//www.qcea.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/rprt-alternatives-en-jan-2010.pdf2. Whitfield Dick, Electronic Monitoring Ethics, Politics and Practice, keynote presentation 10 May 2007 in the Netherlands on-line, accessed 10 December 2007, available at http//www.cepprobation.org/uploaded_files/pres EM 07 whitfield.pdf3. PRI(2004) Alternatives to imprisonment, Pre-trial justice, Prison conditions, Rehabilitation and reintegrationonline . Available from http//www.penalreform.org/resource/community-service-africa-alternative-imprisonment/

Health Promotion and Education for HIV

health Promotion and didactics for human immunodeficiency computer virusIntroductionThe prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infections has increased rapidly in recent years in the UK. In 2006, it was estimated that a total of 73,000 great deal were infected with HIV, with a further new 6,393 cases reported in 2007 (wellness resistance theatrical performance 2007). The epidemiology of HIV infection has assortmentd over the years. In the mid-1980s, the three conclaves of great deal considered to be at the highest risk of HIV infection were men who adjudge sex with men, injection drug partrs and those who dupe received blood products (e.g. through with(predicate) blood transfusions). However, since 1999, the majority of new infections have been reported among heterosexuals (Health security Agency 2007). The prognosis for HIV-infected individuals has improved over the past ten years. Although there is presently no vaccine and no cure for HIV, HAART (Highly Active An tiretroviral Therapy) has be highly trenchant in delaying the onset of help and lengthening the living of infected individuals (Rutland et al. 2007).The increased prevalence of HIV infections in the UK means that wellnessc atomic number 18 professionals in all settings ar more likely to care for longanimouss with HIV than in past years.A number of studies have been conducted worldwide to essay health care professionals att closing curtain and/or attitudes to HIV in countries including the UK (Tierney 1995 Laraqui et al. 2002 Pisal et al. 2007). Findings showed that health care workers are frequently fearful, negative, ill- assureed and discriminatory towards HIV-positive patients. Furthermore, fears regarding perceived risks when caring for parents with HIV may restrict spirit of patient care (Pisal et al. 2007). As a result, HIV-positive patients may amaze stigma and dehumanisation, together with feelings of isolation and guilt. There is an unmet need for effectiv e upbringing broadcastmes to increase healthcare professionals experience ab out(p) HIV, modes of transmission and precautions that should be interpreted when caring for HIV-positive patients. Studies have shown that reading programmes to increase levels of knowledge among nurses significantly cut back fears about interacting with HIV-positive patients (Pisal et al. 2007).This root discusses the take onment of an educational booklet aimed at healthcare professionals, analyses the methodology employ and evaluates the folder and the process of development.Leaflet developmentWhen invent health promotion and education programmes, the three of import components which must be considered are planning, implementation and evaluation and it may be helpful to function a health promotion object lesson in this process (Whitehead 2003). The Ewles and Simnett model (1992) proposes five different ways of considering health promotion which hold a medical approach, behaviour change app roach, educational change approach, knob-centred approach and amic fitted change approach. Our health education approach best fit the educational and behavioural change approaches. By educating the soft touch group of individuals, the knowledge they wee-wee will empower them to run into informed decisions and will act as an weighty influencer on their behaviour (Aghamolaei et al. 2005). In their model, Ewles and Simnett identified 9 st come ons which were utilize in the planning of the health education initiative discussed in this piece and which includeIdentification of the level groupIdentification of the needs of the target groupEstablishment of the goals of educationFormulation of specific objectivesIdentification of imagerys homework of heart and methodPlanning of methods of evaluationImplementation of education paygrade of effectiveness.PlanningThe target group for this health education strategy was healthcare support workers who may come into contact with clients i nfected with HIV or assist. As discussed, there is a clear need for education programmes for healthcare professionals who may have contact with HIV-positive clients. The main goals of this strategy were to increase levels of knowledge about HIV with a view to reducing fears and stigma ring HIV-positive individuals, and alleviate any existing misconceptions surrounding the sp ingest of the HIV virus in clinical pull. The approach taken in this strategy was to develop an educational schooling cusp. Previous research has show that tracts that promote knowledge of HIV are effective in reducing fear and solicitude among healthcare workers, time to a fault increasing boilersuit knowledge of the indisposition (Pisal et al. 2007). Leaflets have been shown to provide a number of benefits. For example, they can be utilise to re-enforce selective information delivered verbally and can deliver a greater volume of information that via verbal communication alone (Secker 1997). Furthermo re, leaflets may be h aging for future reference and can be shared with others. However, there is indicate to suggest that health promotion leaflets needs to be carefully boded, since non all leaflets communicate their messages effectively to their target audience (Shire Hall communication theory 1992).MethodologySources of informationInformation on the HIV was sourced by prying the Pubmed electronic database and Department of Health websites. Up-to- leave, high-quality publications were selected where assertable. The Health Protection Agency websites was also search for recent UK-specific epidemiology data. Information relating to the design of the leaflet was gathered from twain Pubmed and Google searches. All information sourced was read carefully, findings were accurately summarised and key points were highlighted.Leaflet designThe design of educational leaflets should assist the readers agreement of the content inwardly (Secker 1997). The leaflet title was chosen car efully so as to be appealing and come along readers to want to read the entire leaflet. A design theme was chosen which was applied consistently throughout all(prenominal) of the pages. Black and red schoolbook was utilise against a yellow mise en scene which demonstrated good discernability and do the leaflet stand out on the shelf among a group of other leaflets. The choice of colours was designed to reflect a danger/hazard theme which was think to motivate the reader. While it could be argued that the association of red with danger may actually re-enforce existing negative beliefs about HIV, we believe that our choice of a strong and positive leaflet title negates this possibility.The Times freshly roman letters font in a 12 point size was used for the main text. Research suggests that this is one of the best fonts for educational materials, and that a 12 point font size is the minimum size for readers without visual declension (Secker 1997). Although it is acknowle dged that using a font size as immense as this limits the amount of text that can be accommo bodyguardd, a flaw of many educational leaflets is that they contain text which is too small to read comfortably (Albert and Chadwick 1992).The images used in the leaflet were relevant to the content. Research has shown that the use of illustrations is an important factor to consider in leaflet design and that illustrations should forever and a day be informative and relative to the content of the leaflet, otherwise they will remove from the information being mystifyed (Rohret and Ferguson 1990 Albert and Chadwick 1992). By using before and after versions of sympathetic images, we aimed to convey some of the feelings that HIV-positive clients may possess in healthcare settings and how a change in the behaviour and attitude of healthcare workers can have a positive impact on the clients experience as well as improving the interaction between the client and care provider. Another impor tant factor which must be considered when using images, pictures and other illustrative materials is their source and whether there are copyright issues associated with their use. Unfortunately, we did not consider the legal implications associated with our choice of illustration, which subsequently prevented the leaflet from being distributed to the target audience.A folded one third A4 size leaflet, printed on yellow paper with a gloss finish was chosen. This is a popular choice of size for educational leaflets and provides good portability, being small enough to put in a bag. The use of folding negates the need for staples which add to cost. Client you didnt bring up anything about leaflet size, stock of paper or finish so Ive added in what I have found from my own experience of designing educational materials, although Im not sure of the consume stock of paper that would be the best for a leaflet of this verbal description and no papers discuss thisLanguageAccording to Bennett and ogre (2006), discourse the language of the audience is crucial in attempting to appeal to them and change their projecting of any issue. The language in this leaflet used uncomplicated terminology that is easily understood and is jargon free, two factors which have been shown to be of importance in educational materials (Ewles and Simnett 2003). Personal and colloquial hurt were used which were designed to engage the reader and encourage critical thinking and blame of their own clinical practice. The use of personal pronouns has previously been shown to be effective in qualification the reader feel that the leaflet is overlaying them directly, thereby making it more appealing (Glasper and Burge 1992 Albert and Chadwick 1992).The use of long words was limited and sentences were for the most part short and succinct, with each attempting to explain a single idea (Manning 1981). picture has shown that this facilitates the integration and storage of information into memory . This is an important factor since the cognitive extend theory proposes that redundant forms of information may require longer process and may prevent the reader from learning (Doak et al. 1996). Research has also demonstrated that the more long words and long sentences used, the more difficult the leaflet will be for the reader to understand (Pastore and Berg 1987 Bernier and Yasko 1991). Simplicity in both choice of language and sentence structure is also of apprize if the leaflet were to be translated into other languages or into Braille. While this leaflet was exclusively designed for target groups within the UK, it could also be translated successfully if required. discernability may be assessed more accurately by performing a readability test to determine the reading age of any pen material. These tests typically relate the number of long words and sentences to the reading age necessary to understand the materials. Evidence shows that the reading age of the majority of a dults in many developed countries is 10-14 years (Vahabi and Ferris 1995). Although we did not employ a readability test when developing this leaflet, it is an activity that would have been helpful to confirm the readability of the material we had developed and would be particularly valuable when developing patient educational materials where reading age would be of greater importance.Content and judicature of informationIt is important that educational materials are accurate and up to date (Secker 1997). As previously discussed, the most recent information was selected for inclusion in our leaflet. Summarised information was discussed for suitability and then reviewed for accuracy by several members of the team up as a quality prevail exercise. The content of this leaflet is or else specific and should be applicable for the foreseeable future, unless a vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS is developed or there are changes to universal precautions. Nonetheless, it may have been worth i ncluding a publication date on the leaflet to enable the reader to quickly see how old the leaflet is and if a more up-to-date version may be available.The organisation of text within the leaflet is a very important factor influencing whether the material makes sense to the reader (Secker 1997). Studies have shown that educational information should be presented in a way that reflects the priorities of the reader (Bernier and Yasko 1991). Therefore, paragraphs of text were ordered so that the most important and relevant facts were discussed first. This arrangement has been shown to facilitate the assimilation of information and re-enforce learning (Manning 1981). Sequential lists of bullet points were used to present the text included in the leaflet. These have also been shown to enhance assimilation, when compared with blocks of bulk information delivered in a narrative form (Manning 1981). Key points within the text were emphasised in bold type since the use of colour has shown t o be ineffective (Kitching 1990) and a number of colours were already employed in the design theme. The text in the leaflet was justified which is not in line with the recommendation of unjustified, left-aligned text using indentations for ease of readability (Kitching 1990).Client you fatiguet mention whether headings were used in the leaflet. Sentence case headings in bold type placed against the left-hand margin with plenty of office around are effective in standing out from the main text and will assist the reader in quickly status the information they require within the leaflet (Dixon and Park, 1990) Reference Dixon, E. Park, R. 1990, Do patients understand written health information?, Nursing Outlook, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 278-81.Evidence has shown that leaflets should convey only essential information and contain references to further reading in a separate section (Vahabi and Ferris 1995). In our leaflet, the name of the first root and the year were included in the text as citations for source references. For a more continuous flow, it may have been better to replace the spring name with a superscript number which relates to the full reference which would be included in a reference list at the end of the leaflet. Since this leaflet is aimed at healthcare professionals who aim to use research-based evidence to inform best practice, it would be particularly important to include the sources of the reference materials to encourage further reading however, due to space constraints, we were not able to include this reference list in our leaflet.ImplementationThe leaflet has not been distributed to the think target group due to legal implications surrounding the images used. The original implementation plan included (1) distribution of the leaflet after infection control study days held within the hospital, or at study sessions stress on HIV/AIDS as a method of re-enforcing the verbal information already delivered (2) inclusion of the leaflet as part of the conclusion package for relevant new members of staff and (3) inclusion of leaflets on stands already located in hospital common rooms or other venues.EvaluationAs discussed above, since the leaflet has not been distributed to the target audience, it has not been possible to evaluate the success of our approach. We planned to pilot our leaflet to a selected group of healthcare support workers and gain feedback both verbally and via the use of a questionnaire designed to address the quality of content, readability and use of language within the leaflet. Gaining preliminary feedback on the leaflet may have helped us to address any issues identified prior to implementation.The specific bounds identified in our leaflet have already been discussed within the relevant sections of this paper. However, when reflecting on our approach to producing this leaflet, we were able to identify a number of other areas where we feel that the process could be improved in the future (1) experimenti ng with other colours may make the leaflet aesthetically more appealing (2) including the address of the charity listed, instead of just the website, would enable those individuals without internet facilities to also access this valuable resource more easily (3) when searching for published literature on knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals to HIV, although many studies were identified, there were few recent studies conducted within the UK. For this reason, it may have been worth considering designing a preliminary questionnaire to gather the attitudes and beliefs of the healthcare workers within our particular setting to ensure that we were designing a leaflet which addressed their specific needs and (4) we believe that the use of an interactive tool, such(prenominal) as a quiz, would further engage the target audience, serving to re-enforce and dispute what they have learnt from the leaflet.ConclusionsOur leaflet met the majority of published criteria for well-desi gned educational material, in terms of content, language and design. The leaflet contained up-to-date, accurate information which was relevant to the target audience. The overall look and feel of the leaflet was appealing and uncrowded with good readability, while the use of relevant images helped to convey the important messages contained within the leaflet. The major limitation of our methodology was the use of images with surrounding legal implications which prevented the leaflet from being distributed. This made is impossible to evaluate the success of our approach which was very disappointing. Nonetheless, developing this leaflet has provided valuable experience which can be applied when designing alike health promotion and education programmes in the future.BibliographyAghamolei, T., Eftekhar, H., Mohammed, K., Nahjavani, M., Shojaeizadeh, D., Ghofranipour, F., Safa, O. 2005, Effects of a health education program on behaviour, HbA1c and health-related quality of life in diabe tic patients, Acta Medica Iranica, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 89-94.Albert, T. Chadwick, S. 1992, How readable are practice leaflets?, British Medical Journal, vol. 305, pp. 1266-8.Bennett and Heller 2006, Design studies theory and research in graphic design, Princeton Architectural Press, New York.Bernier, M. J. Yasko, J. 1991,Designing and evaluating printed education materials model and instrument development, Patient program line and Counseling, vol. 18, pp. 253-63.Doak, C. C,, Doak L. G., Root, J. H. 1996, Teaching patients with low literacy skills, second ed, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia.Ewles and Simnett 1992, Promoting Health a practical guide. 2nd ed, Scutari Press, London.Ewles and Simnett 2003, Promoting Health a practical guide. 5th ed, Scutari Press, London.Ezedinachi, E., Ross, M. W., Meremiku, M., Essien, E. J., Edem, C. B., Ekure, E., Ita, O. 2002,The impact of an intervention to change health workers HIV/AIDS attitudes and knowledge in Nigeria a controlled streamlet, Public Health, vol. 116, pp. 106-12Glasper, A. Burge, D. 1992, Developing family information leaflets, Nursing Standard, vol. 6, no. 25, pp. 24-7.Health Protection Agency 2007, Testing Times HIV and other sexually transmit infections in the United Kingdom, 2007. Retrieved 31st July 2008 fromhttp//www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebHPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1203084355941Kitching, J. B. 1990, Patient information leaflets the conjure up of the art, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 83, pp. 298-300.Pisal, H., Sutar, S., Sastry, J., Kapadia-Kundu, N., Joshi, A., Joshi, M., Leslie, J., Scotti, L., Bharucha, K., Suryavanshi, N., Phadke, M., Bollinger, R., Shankar, A.V. 2007, Nurses health education program in India increases HIV knowledge and reduces fear, Journal of the Association of Nurses and AIDS Care, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 32-43.Laraqui, C. H., Tripodi, D., Rahhali, A., Bichara, M., Laraqui, S., Curtes, J. P., Verger, C., Zahraoui, M. 2002,Knowledge, practice, and beh aviour of healthcare workers confronted to AIDS and the occupational risk of HIV transmission in Morocco, Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol. 32, pp. 307-14.Manning, D. 1981, Writing readable health messages, Public Health Reports, vol. 96, no. 5, pp. 464-5.Pastore, P. Berg, B. 1987, The evaluation of patient education materials focus on readability, Patient Education and Counseling, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 216-9.Rohret, L. Ferguson, K. J. 1990, Effective use of patient education illustrations, Patient Education and Counseling, vol. 15, pp. 73-5.Rutland, E., Foley, E., OMahony, C., Miller, M., Maw, R., Kell, P., Rowen, D. 2007, How normalised is HIV care in the UK? A survey of current practice and opinion, Sexually Transmitted Infections, vol. 83, pp. 151-4.Secker, J. 1997, Assessing the quality of patient education leaflets, Coronary Health Care, vol. 1, pp. 37-41.Shire Hall communications 1992, Consumer leaflets a write off?, Shire Hall Communications, London.Tibdewel, S. S. Wa dhva, S. K. 2001, HIV/AIDS awareness among hospital employees, Indian Journal of Medical Science, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 69-72.Vahabi, M. Ferris, L. 1995, meliorate written patient education materials a review of the evidence, Health Education Journal, vol. 54, pp. 99-106.Whitehead, D. 2003, Evaluating health promotion a model for nursing practice, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 490-8.

To Kill A Mockingbird: Prejudice In Maycomb :: essays research papers

To Kill A Mockingbird Prejudice in Maycomb both major population in To Kill A Mockingbird be prejudged boo Radleyand gobbler Robinson. One man is the victim of prejudice genus Atticus Finch. These work force atomic number 18 mockers. For a mockingbird has never hurt anyone, and incomplete hasAtticus Finch, Boo Radley, nor Tom Robinson. . Boo Radley is prejudged becausehe chooses to hindrance in his domicile. While Tom Robinson is prejudged because ofhis color. Atticus Finch becomes a victim of prejudice overdue to his valiancy to back up a innocent black man Tom Robinson. Boo Radley and Tom Robinson andprejudged but because prejudice is so inclusive, even those who help the mockingbirds, Atticus, become victims of prejudice.Maycomb people gossip roughly Boo Radley because he chooses to stay inhis house, while Tom Robinson is stereotyped by Maycomb because of his skincolor. Rumors are spread about these men because most of Maycomb is guilty ofprejudice. Boo Radley is in ge neral gossiped about by Miss Stephanie Crawford.Miss Stephanie recounts to Jem about rumors spread about Boo Radley. So Jemreceived much of his information from Miss Stephanie Crawford...( Lee, TKAM 11). Miss Stephanie explains a erroneous rumor about Boo. As Mr. Radley passes by,Boo drove the scissors into his parents leg... ( 11 ). Tom Robinson isprejudged by many people, close to include Scout, Mr. Gilmer, and Bob Ewell. Forexample, when Scout says, Well, Dill, after all hes just a Negro (199).Maycomb people are the sin of all prejudice in Maycomb.Boo Radley and Tom Robinson are mockingbirds. Both of these men arevictims of prejudice. To light upon advantage of these men would be a sin, just as itwould to deplete a mockingbird. Mockingbirds dont do one thing but make harmony forus to enjoy...thats why its a sin to kill a mockingbird (90).Tom Robinson is taken advantage of by the Ewell family. Tom had nonhingagainst anybody, peculiarly the Ewells. He would help Mayella with her chores, andthe part of it that made him a mockingbird, is that he did not want anything inreturn. Were u paid for these services...No suh, not after she offered to ease upme a nickel the first time (191). What makes Boo Radley a mockingbird is thathe has never really never hurt anybody, he minds his avow business while watchingover his children. The Ewell family and many other people in Maycomb have sinned,distinctively Bob Ewell, because they took advantage and prejudged to innocentmen Tom Robinson and Boo Radley.People who help the mockingbirds also become victims of prejudice.