Linguistic Determinism: Words and Thoughts Essays -- Language, Semanti

There is no human diction without socio-cultural context meanwhile language resides inside for each one individuals mind and as a result, lingual interaction did non occur without the commit of the language. Individuals do not create languages they just use that one given to them by society. For Saeed (2009), language is the mirror of goal and it is determined by the categories available in speaker units own language. Studies about relationship between language and culture and between language and thought have a long history and have placed a much conferred proposal to modern linguistic the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. This hypothesis points out that influence of language on thought is only a component about such a complex web among language, culture and cognition. However, in essence, it leaves out the cultural pattern. Without language, a sort level of cultural development and cultural knowledge cannot exist, and, on the other hand, a high level of linguistic development could on ly exist through socio-cultural interaction.According to Flyht (2007), it is extremely evident that language reinforces cultural patterns through semantics whereas new meanings from new words argon established by events which happen to peoples lives according to their cultural occurrence. The aim of this essay is to discuss the connection between linguistic determinism and the support of the semantic studies in order to understand words and sentences produced in human mind when the cultural and social pattern it is taken into account. Yet knowledge an individual speaker of a language possesses which makes it possible for them to communicate with one another. (Riemer, 2010 13).Semantics is a theory of languages, natural or artificial, and it is part of gra... ...theory of substantive widely distributeds not only with regard to universal phonetic but also by fixed categories (noun, verb, etc..), which are the underlying syntactic structure of language.The words and grammatical stru ctures of a language have a profound effect on how speakers think, even when they are not talking and listening. The essence of thinking consists of real words and phrases, so people do not have to conceive a concept which does not exist in their language. Also, if two people speak languages that differ in the concepts that they are able to express, their beliefs are irreconcilable and communication between them is impossible. The Semantics proposes that the meanings of words are mentally represented in the form of expressions. The meanings of words can vary between languages because children adjust and channelize them from the most elementary concepts.

College Students with Disabilities Essay -- ADD ADHD Writing Attention

College Students with DisabilitiesAs societal pressures for higher education increase, more emphasis has been placed on the importance of a minimum of a bachelors degree from an accredited college or university. This has led to the increased enrollment of students with learning disabilities over the past decade. According to a recent survey from the National Clearinghouse on Postsecondary Education for Individuals with Disabilities, one in eleven full-time first-year students entering college in 1998 self-reported a disability. This translates to approximately 154,520 college students, or about 9% of the total name of first-year freshmen, who reported a wide range of disabilities, ranging from attention famine disorder to writing disabilities (Horn). Attention deficit disorder, with or without hyperactivity, is frequently misunderstood, but it affects college students donnish and social success, as well as their emotional development. Attention deficit disorders are the second mos t common disability among college students, and it is classified as a psychiatric disorder, rather than a learning disability, in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV. Characterized by attention difficulties, specifically short attention spans, as well as impulsivity, distractibility, and restlessness, attention deficit disorders can adversely affect the performance capabilities of college students. Individuals report drifting during classroom lectures or social conversations, as well as difficulties focusing in noisy environments. The Connection Between Learning Disabilities and Attention Deficit Disorders The onset of attention deficit disorder usually occur b... ...A Comprehensive Guide to Attention Deficit Disorder in Adults Research,Diagnosis, and Treatment.New York Brunner and Mazel Press, 1995. Sills, Caryl K. Success for learning disabled writers across the curriculum. College Teaching 43 (Spring 95) 66- 72. Smith, Carl B. Helping Children Overcome Reading Difficulties. ERIC Digest, 1992. ED 344190. Stage, Frances K. et al. Creating Learning Centered Classrooms What Does Learning Theory Have to Say? ERIC Digest, 1998. ED422777. Stein, Marcy and Robert C. Dixon. Effective writing instruction for diverse learners. tame Psychology Review 23 (1994) 392-406. Vogel, S. A. and M. Moran. Written language disorders in learning disabled college students - a preliminary report. In Coming of Age The Best of ACLD - 1982. Eds. W. Cruickshank and J. Lerner. siege of Syracuse Syracuse University Press, 1982.

Computers hacked :: essays research papers

WASHINGTON (CNN) -- The FBI confirmed Tuesday the accuracy of a raw York Times report that softw atomic number 18 on routers, computers that control the Internet, were compromised last year by a hacker who claimed that he had infiltrated systems serving U.S. military installations, research laboratories, and NASA.The Times reported, and the FBI confirmed, that the focus of the investigation is a early days in Uppsala, Sweden, who has been charged as a juvenile.The FBI said it is unclear to U.S. authorities what, if anything, can be done to prosecute the callowness for violating U.S. laws.The Times reported that the youth did not devise a new kind of attack but cleverly organized computers, automating the theft of computer log-ins and passwords.The Times reported that the attacks were detected by workers at research labs who maxim that software on Cisco computer routers, severalize of the backbone of the Internet, had been compromised.In May 2004, a portion of Ciscos Internetwo rking Operating dust (IOS) code was illegally copied and affix on the Internet."Cisco enlisted the help of many law enforcement agencies after the incident which occurred prior to May 15, 2004," the company said in a argument post on its Web site."We are aware that a person has been detained in Sweden related to the IOS source code theft and are encouraged by this action," the statement said.After the May breach, Cisco said it believed that the publication of the information did not create an increased risk to its customers.StakkatoThe Times as well as reported that a atomic number 20 researcher got taunting messages from the hacker, who called himself "Stakkato," claiming to have infiltrated computer systems at the Patuxent River Naval Air Station in Maryland, the White litoral missile Range in New Mexico, and NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.Officials at some of those facilities confirmed to the Times that their computers had b een breached but said the information obtained was insignificant.Larry Furrow, a spokesman at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, told CNN there was only one known break in at the facility.He said the incident took do in April 2004 when an individual or group gained access to White Sands weather forecasts. Furrow said White Sands postulate timely, local forecasts as part of their testing program, but the information is not classified.Computers hacked essays research papers WASHINGTON (CNN) -- The FBI confirmed Tuesday the accuracy of a New York Times report that software on routers, computers that control the Internet, were compromised last year by a hacker who claimed that he had infiltrated systems serving U.S. military installations, research laboratories, and NASA.The Times reported, and the FBI confirmed, that the focus of the investigation is a youth in Uppsala, Sweden, who has been charged as a juvenile.The FBI said it is unclear to U.S. authorities what, if anythin g, can be done to prosecute the youth for violating U.S. laws.The Times reported that the youth did not devise a new kind of attack but cleverly organized computers, automating the theft of computer log-ins and passwords.The Times reported that the attacks were detected by workers at research labs who saw that software on Cisco computer routers, part of the backbone of the Internet, had been compromised.In May 2004, a portion of Ciscos Internetworking Operating System (IOS) code was illegally copied and posted on the Internet."Cisco enlisted the help of many law enforcement agencies after the incident which occurred prior to May 15, 2004," the company said in a statement posted on its Web site."We are aware that a person has been detained in Sweden related to the IOS source code theft and are encouraged by this action," the statement said.After the May breach, Cisco said it believed that the publication of the information did not create an increased risk to its custo mers.StakkatoThe Times also reported that a California researcher got taunting messages from the hacker, who called himself "Stakkato," claiming to have infiltrated computer systems at the Patuxent River Naval Air Station in Maryland, the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, and NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.Officials at some of those facilities confirmed to the Times that their computers had been breached but said the information obtained was insignificant.Larry Furrow, a spokesman at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, told CNN there was only one known break in at the facility.He said the incident took place in April 2004 when an individual or group gained access to White Sands weather forecasts. Furrow said White Sands needs timely, local forecasts as part of their testing program, but the information is not classified.

Australopithecus :: Informative, Anthropology

AustralopithecusThere are many types of the hominid called australopithecus, which meanssouthern apes. These were small ape-like creatures(with a height between 107cmand 152cm) that showed evidence of walking upright. It is unenviable to tellwhether these begins are "humans" or "apes". Many of their characteristics aresplit between humans and apes. The many species of australopithecus includeA.(australopithecus) ramidus, A. anamenesis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, A .acthiopicus, A. robustus, and A. boisei. The oldest known and place speciesof australopithecus that roamed the earth was a. ramidus who lived about 4.5million age ago. Next came A. Anamensis, A afarensis, A africanus, A.acthiopicus, a boisei and a. robustus. Ausralopithecus boisei roamed the earthas early as 1.1 million years ago and was on earth at the sametime as homohabilis and homo erectus. Most of the australopithecus fossils that have beendiscovered have been found in easterly africa and have bee n dated between 4.5million and 1.1 million years old. There has also been evidence that theaustralopithecus "man" lived in australia where fossils have also been found.The first of all discovery of an australopithecus fossil was made in 1924. The body ofthe australopithecus is smaller than humans, but biffer than chimpanzees. Also,The brain size of australopithecus is bigger than humans at about 475 cubiccentimeters. This is also biffer than the chipanzees, but the brains were notdeveloped in most areas. For example speech. The australopithecus species allhad mostly the same features with a scummy forehead, a "bony ridge"over the eyes, a

Definition of Citizen Essay examples -- Definition Essays

Definition of CitizenThe context in which watchwords are used may change in everyday conversation, exactly ultimately the foundation of the definition remains constant. The number one definition generally changes due to advancement in society. Consider the word citizen. The meaning of the word citizen has changed since 1913, but the definition that is used today was also used back then. There are some commonalities between The Webster Dictionary, published in 1913 and The Oxford English Dictionary, as well as, The American Heritage College Dictionary. Each of the dictionaries all state that a citizen is an inhabitant of a city or a particular place and a person that has voting rights. In these cases the definition of the word has not changed during the past eighty years. From these definitions, citizen is still used in the same fashion today as it was in the earlier 1900s. Although each of the dictionaries have similar primary definitions, there are differences in the secondary def initions. The most evident difference appears when The Webster Dictionary is compared to the ot...

Definition of Citizen Essay examples -- Definition Essays

Definition of CitizenThe context in which words are used may change in everyday conversation, but ultimately the foundation of the definition remains constant. The number one definition generally changes due to advancement in society. Consider the word citizen. The meaning of the word citizen has changed since 1913, but the definition that is used today was also used back then. There are some commonalities in the midst of The Webster Dictionary, published in 1913 and The Oxford English Dictionary, as well as, The American Heritage College Dictionary. Each of the dictionaries all state that a citizen is an inhabitant of a city or a particular place and a person that has voting rights. In these cases the definition of the word has not changed during the past eighty years. From these definitions, citizen is still used in the same fashion today as it was in the earlier 1900s. Although each of the dictionaries have similar primary definitions, there are differences in the secondary defi nitions. The virtually evident difference appears when The Webster Dictionary is compared to the ot...

Avant-Garde fashion history

Context Page Introduction 2 History of avian- angle 2-3 Avian-garden in fashion history 3 Contemporary fashion and avian-garden 3 Discussion of Suzan Hens drop/ winter parade 4 Discussion of Assistant Louses 2011 autumn/winter collections-5 Discussion of Black Coffees 2013 winter collection 5-6 Discussion of Luda Inglenooks 2012 autumn/winter collection 6-7 Discussion of Taboo Machetes 2012 collection 7 Conclusion 7-8 List of Illustrations 9-13 List of References 14-15 What is avian-garden and how does it fit into southwesterly Afri fag contemporary fashion material body?In order for integrity to determine if you are for or against avian-garden, and pacifically in relations to reciprocal ohm African avian-garden, whiz must first lay out avian- garden and explore the origin and history of the movement. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Art, avian-garden is defined as a term originally used to describe the foremost crack of an army advancing into battle ( likewise called vanguard) and now applied to a group, particularly of artist, that considers itself innovative and ahead of the majority (Chillers, 200442).Avian-garden therefore refers to designs that are new, innovative and cutting edge. South African avian-garden is presently a very small part of the local fashion industry, UT it is a growth fashion trend with great potential. South African avian-garden antecedents are constantly pushing the envelope in order to stretch the minds of the consumers and early(a) designers. This carries great potential for the South African fashion industry as sound as the economy, for if the designers succeed to be truly avian-garden, it is bound to arrive a positive outcome.I am therefore arguing for the existence and development of South African avian-garden and will be discussing Suzan Hens 2011 autumn/winter campaign, die form, Assistant Louis 2011 autumn/ winter range, Black Coffees 2013 winter range, WREATHE, Luda Inglenook 2012 autumn/winter range, Ana mosa, as well as Taboo Machetes 2012 range, Kabob EAI Balboa. Avian-garden first made its appearance in art during die late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. A small group of artist decided to break away from the rules that bound artist into creating only an established style of art.They actively attacked the institution of art in order to separate and detach themselves from it, cool off also to reincorporate themselves and their art into life (Berger, 1984 xvii). The first avian- garden art appeared is the Italian Futurism, French Cubism and German Expressionism movements. These movements were so polar due to their fundamentally new aspirations and origins in relation between the artist and the world as well as the subject and the object. Dadaism, Surrealism and Constructivism followed soon after, continuing in these aspirations (Cabooses, 1971 53).During the late twentieth century, the fashion century came to an end and postposition came into being. This new fash ion movement is expressed in the reversal of the relationship between the fashion designer and follower. Since the asss, fashion is no longer initiated by the aristocracy or the bourgeoisie and then hefted down to the general public, but now introduced by the general publics passage style where after it moves into the salons of haute couture where it is adapted and mimicked (Vine, 2005 63).In the asss, fashion designers started implementing the use of non-fashionable elements to farm the avian-garden fashion beyond fashion. Western Paris-based fashion designs and ideas were shattered and the idea of dressing onenessself as a man, Woman or lady became an out of date concept. The avian-garden fashion trend aimed to expose the old function of clothes that classified people into groups of age, gender and status (Geeky, 2012103). Furthermore, avian- garden designers aimed to shock the public and non to create beautiful and luxurious wearable (Vine, 2005 64).Today, contemporary civil ization is so desensitizing to norms and values that designers struggle to succeed in using the shock treatment as a way to draw attention to their work. It is also very difficult for designers to create totally new designs, for more or less everything has been done before. Due to this, as a designer, avian-garden is such a difficult movement to be apart of. South African designers therefore also tend non to be a part of the avian-garden movement, but to follow the European trends and use it as part of their design inspiration.A few South African designers has judge the challenge of designing avian-garden garments, but are they unfeignedly a match for the famous and established avian-garden designers or are they simply following in the footsteps of other avian-garden designers? In case study 1, Suzan Hens 2011 autumn/ winter range is depicted. This ranges name is die form, because she drew her inspiration from the anatomy of the human body (Hens, 2011). When one looks at the im ages, one can see that in some instances, continues lines are used to depict the flow and natural rhythm of the human body.Her aim was to bring out the inside of the body on the exterior of a garment, thus creating an exoskeleton (Hens, 2011). This is evident in every design due to the divergent techniques that she implemented. In this collection one can also see that the muscular and skeletal systems are taken and distorted and warped to create remarkable designs. The fracture shapes in the garments, also contributes to an anatomical reference silhouette. Suzan describes her collection and says it is about inner symbolism, looking at our inner physiology and taking it outside which in turn represents the unveiling of our hidden psyche (Hens, 2011).Suzan Hens is one of South Africans leading avian-garden fashion designers, but does her designs live up to the standards and definition of true avian-garden design? Although her range has a very interesting concept, and forms such an e xcellent collection, it is not truly avian-garden, for it has been done before. In 2010, Gucci had a range inspired by x-rays and the same year Jean Paul Guiltier launched his creation as part of the subside collection, inspired by exploring the concept of wearing narrower as outerwear Goanna, 2010).This proves that although her designs might have been lassie as avian-garden, it is not truly innovative. She did thus also not set a trend, but followed the trendsetters. In case study 2, one can see Assistant Louses 2011 autumn/winter collection. In this collection, he uses distinguishable layers of fabric to represent an exploration of self- expression in the context of social, sexual and traditionalistic cultures. At the same time it also comments on our perception of an African aesthetic (Melange, 2011).Assistant was inspired by the way that different cultures wrapped their cloths, especially the Mass and Indian cultures as well as the ancient Greeks (Mulberry 2011). He also expl ored with African aesthetics in his collection, which can be seen in the beaded necklines. His collaboration of different cultures way of wrapping their clothing, led to a balance of colonial and meandering(a) styles. In this collection, a diverse range of high-wasted peg-leg trousers can be seen along with harem pants and pleated shoulder shawls.Loose fabrics are also used to create these different kinds of wraps and loose silhouettes. The warm and earthy colors, such as mud-grey, brown, blue, red and burnt orange, also refer back to African aesthetics. These colors bring the collection and penning to life. Colorful belts that are wrapped and folded over loose vests as well as over-sized neck pieces are also some of the accessories and styling that contributes to the feel of the overall range (Mulberry, 2011).Assistant Low is viewed as one of South Africans up and coming avian-garden designers, but these designs can not be classified as truly avian-garden. The use of fabrics, suc h as t-shirt fabric, and the combination of clothing items might be a new addition to traditional cultures wrapping cloths or way of styling, but that does not make it avian-garden. As soon as a designer uses another cultures clothing as inspiration, the ND product is likely not to be avian-garden, for it has generally been done before.The third case study is Black Coffees 2013 winter range, WREATHE. This range entwines together contemporary engineering and fabrics with unmixed and feminine silhouettes. The textures that is clearly visible and one of the key elements of this collection, is created by braiding industrial felt and the layering of mesh panels. In this collection, Black Coffee experimented with the sculptural process of carving, where the shape is exposed within and not constructed by the foundational material (Black Coffee, 2012).This also served as their inspiration for the range. With this collection, Black Coffee hoped to create a collection that captivates by pre cision and seduces through romantic imagination (Black Coffee, 2012). This collection uses a very soft and feminine color palette in order to convey the romantic feel and to highlight the classic silhouettes. It also uses the classic clothing elements such as high-wasted pants, coats and dresses but change them in such a way that they appear as innovative garments.In 2009, Given launched a cringe range with a dress that appears to be very similar to some of Black Coffees 2013 winter designs (Style, 2012). Although that is the case, Black Coffee can still be viewed as an avian-garden designer, for it creates truly innovative designs that are beautiful and functional at the same time. In case study 4, Luda Inglenooks 2012 autumn/winter range, Anamosa, are depicted. His inspiration for the designs is traditional Xhosa bodywork, craft, symbolism and colors.He uses these in knitwear made of mohair and merino wool in order for mammograms, Xhosa initiates, to wear it after they have gone through the initiation process (Inglenook, 2012). This knitwear depicts his ethnic aesthetics and is very practical at the same time. AAA of his designs is contemporary and yet culturally applicable and brings the Xhosa aesthetics to any outfit (Design Indaba, 2013). One can clearly see the use of the Xhosa patterns and the bodywork inspiration in the Jersey designs. They are also colorful, true to the Xhosa traditional colors.Furthermore, Luda has succeeded in creating garments that is formal enough for the mammograms to wear, for they traditionally have to wear formal clothing for up to six months after the initiation process, to symbolize their newly found manhood Inglenook, 2012). This Jersey-knitwear does not seem to be avian-garden design, but no knitwear has been made using Xhosa patterns and bodywork as inspiration before. If one looks at the definition of avian-garden, stating that a design should be innovative to be classified as avian-garden design, then Ludas Anamosa ra nge can be classified as avian-garden design.Case study 5 depicts Taboo Machetes 2012 range, Kabob EAI Balboa, meaning blanket of the prestige (Design Indaba, 2013). Taboo uses Bassist blankets to create stunning coats and handbags. The handbags are made out of the blanket scraps, in order to eliminate as much waste as possible. By up-cycling the blankets, Taboo is also contributing to a greener society (Macbeth, 2013). Traditional Sotto patterns can be seen in the coats, as they are traditionally on Bassist blankets.These blanket coats can certainly be classified as avian-garden, for it is cutting edge, and has not been done before. There is currently a blanket trend amongst males, but none that include fashioning clothing out of blankets. The trend merely includes males draping blankets with fashionable patterns around their neck and shoulders, almost like an over-sized scarf (Bogart, 2013). Contemporary South African fashion does not really include avian-garden fashion designs. M ost trends are simply copied from European fashion trends, for we are a season behind.Therefore South Africa has a very small, yet developing avian-garden fashion movement seen in the designs of fashion designers such as Suzan Hens, Assistant Low, Black Coffee, Luda Inglenook and Taboo Macbeth. These designers works would most likely not be classified as avian-garden by famous European designers, but from a South African point of view, they would qualify. Just like the small group of artists that stony-broke away from the bounding rules of revises established art styles, our small South African group of designers is attempting avian-garden design.They may not be the leaders of the pack, but they are certainly contending and attack the system of following European trends. Although I have now seen that South African avian-garden is really limited and almost none existing, I am still arguing for the development of South African fashion design. I believe that the success of being truly avian-garden will lead to exposure and publicity for the country, which in turn will lead to a positive economic outcome. 2003 words List of Illustrations Case Study 1 Suzan Hens Suzan Hens, Die Form, Audiometer 2011.

Health Education and Technology Essay

According to Bastable, Technology has had such an impact on workforce develop that it has given birth to a new industry and a new set of buzz words that define an Information Age approach to module gentility. (2007, p. 548) Thus, the inclusion of technology early on, as in its integration to education, has been deemed necessary. However, due to the developing of technology, curriculum approach pattern and implementation in the field of health education will undergo a series of salmagundis and modifications.These various changes will be determined based on the outcomes of technological evolution, the perceived potential of technology to change the landscape of health education in the future, and the educational theories, principles, approaches, etc. developed by respected members of the academic institution through research studies. According to Iwasiw, Goldenberg, and Andusyszyn, Curricuralists should fulfill data about technology and informatics for health care and education , as well as expected developments (2008, p. 13) Based on pertinent information collect by academicians, the focal point and foundations of curriculum design are expected to change.Apart from the traditional contents of the curriculum, the scope of curriculum design should be broadened in order to include the e-health paradigm of heath care (Iwasiw, Goldenberg, & Andrusyszyn, 2008, p. 113), literacy in information technology, health education across disciplines, and health education in the changing world.In addition, due to the impact and contributions of technology to the field of health, allowing the fall nursing informatics to become compulsory will help in opening up opportunities for the approach of curriculum design through the undeviating inclusion of technology and informatics. When we think about it, making nursing informatics compulsory makes the course an important attainment area or aspect of health education.Consequently, much needed attention will be diverted to the improvement of the course by making course objectives, contents, instructional processes, and so on, up-to-date. Thus, the quality of health education, due to its appropriateness with current technology, will also improve. Just as curriculum design changes due to the evolution of technology, the implementation of the curriculum during instruction is also expected to change.As Bradshaw and Lowenstein (2006) have discussed, the delivery of the curriculum as influenced not only by traditional concepts in education but also by technology require organized and planned educational experiences that are guided to promote lifelong learning as well as individually motivational and experiential learning activities that involve a variety of experiential teaching methods (p. 272).Due to the inclusion of technology in the curriculum, the process of instruction will become more complex such that the assessment of the students and the selection of instructional tools, methods, and approaches are n ot merely based on student interests, learning capacities, learning content, etc. but also on the kinds of technology that fits the curriculum content. (Bradshaw & Lowenstein, 2006) In terms of the instruction, the instructional process is relieved by the aim of technology.However, when it comes to learning content, the integration of technological concepts become necessary. In addition, the scope of learning content also varies from time to time since available technological tools and devices intended to facilitate heath education and health care processes change over time. For these reasons, diversity and variation should be accepted and acknowledged by academic institutions since the curriculum design and the implementation of the curriculum shall change along with the evolution of technology along the way.

Findings, Recommendations and Conclusions on Hyundai Motors

A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP TRAINING SAGAR LOGISTICS LIMITED Submitted in the uncomplete fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the full stop of MASTER OF planetary agate line By SIDHARTH THOMAS REG NO 11MIB111 2011-2013 internalate OF COMMERCE AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Dr. G. R. DAMODARAN COLLEGE OF acquirement (Autonomous) Affiliated to Bharathiar University and Re accredited with A grade by NAAC, An ISO 90012000 Certified Institution Civil Aerodrome Post, Avinashi Road, Coimbatore- 641 014. SCHOOL OF COMMERCE AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Dr. G. R.DAMODARAN COLLEGE OF acquisition (Autonomous) Affiliated to Bharathiar University and Re accredited with A grade by NAAC, An ISO 90012000 Certified Institution Civil Aerodrome Post, Avinashi Road, Coimbatore- 641 014 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the internship repute on ordinary pack ON LOGISTICS is a bonafide record of browse done by SIDHARTH THOMAS REG NO 11MIB111, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the aw ard of the degree of MASTER OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS COURSE DIRECTOR Submitted for Viva-Voce Examination held on INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER DECLARATIONI hereby decl be that the internship report on A GENERAL STUDY ON LOGISTICS DONE AT SAGAR LOGISTICS submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS is the original work carried out by me. It is not formed as a part of any other find out work submitted for the award of any degree or diploma, either to this or to any other university. SIDHARTH THOMAS REG NO 11MIB111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my sincere thanks to DR. K. K. RAMACHANDRAN, Director, G. R. D SCHOOL OF COMMERCE AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS, for providing me this opportunity to stick up this internship bringing up.I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. VS PRADEEP, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER of SAGAR LOGISTICS PVT LIMITED, for his kind acceptance of pedagogy request in the company. Th e gratitude passes to all the trainers ofSAGAR LOGISTICS PVT. LTD, who gave me support and training during my internship training in the company. I withal express my sincere thanks to Mr. S. MOORTHY who guided me without my report. I extend my sincere thanks to all my family members for being extremely supportive during my training period. SIDHARTH THOMAS TABLE OF CONTENT S. NO CHAPTER NAME PAGENO 1. I 1.INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS2. INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRY3. OBJECTIVES4. ROLE AS AN INTERN 6-891011 2. II 1. COMPANY PROFILE2. VISION AND MISSION3. PRODUCT PROFILE/ SERVICE PROFILE 111212-20 3. III 1. DEPARTMENTAL ACTIVITIES 20-26 4. IV 1. offspring OF THE INTERNSHIP2. CONCLUSION 2728 Introduction to inter bailiwick business Inter subject atomic number 18a business is a term used to collectively describe all commercial transactions (private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics, and transportation) that take place between two or much regions, countrie s and nations beyond their semipolitical boundary.Usually, private companies undertake such transactions for profit governments undertake them for profit and for political reasons. 1 It refers to all those business activities which involve cross border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nations. Transaction of economic resources include capital, skills, mountain etc. for international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, construction etc. 2 foreign business involves commercial activities that cross national frontiers.It concerns the international movement of goods, capital, services, employees and technology merchandise and exportation cross border transactions in intellectual property via licensing and franchising investments in physical and financial assets in unlike countries contract manufacture or assembly of goods abroad for local sale or for export to other nations buying and selling in strange countr ies the establishment of foreign w atomic number 18housing and distribution systems and the import to one foreign country of goods from a second foreign country for subsequent local sale. 3All the rudimentary tools and concepts of domestic business counseling ar relevant to international business. However, special problem arise in international business, in particular * Deals might set out to be transacted in foreign languages and under foreign laws, customs and regulations. * Information on foreign countries needed by a particular planetary house whitethorn be difficult * Foreign currency transactions will be necessary. Exchange rate variations can be very wide and create legion(predicate) problems for international business. * Numerous cultural differences may meet to be taken into account when trading in other nations. Control and communication systems are ordinarily more complex for foreign than for domestic operations. * Risk levels might be higher in foreign marts. * International managers require a broader range of management skills than do managers who are concerned only with domestic problems. 1-Daniels, J. , Radebaugh, L. , Sullivan, D. (2007). International Business environment and operations, 11th edition. Prentice Hall. * Large amounts of important work might have to be left to intermediaries, consultants and advisers. * It is more difficult to observe and monitor trends and activities in foreign countries.Why firms engage in International Business? Business undertakes international operations in order to expand sales, acquire resources from foreign countries, or diversify these activities (Anderson 1993). The motives for operating internationally are as follows * Commercial risks can be spread head across several countries. * Involvement in international business can facilitate the experience curve effect. * Economies of scope (as opposed to economies of surpass) might become available. Economies of scale are reductions in unit product ion costs resulting from large scale operations. The costs of red-hot product dev could require so much expenditure that the firm is compelled to adopt an international perspective. * There might be intense competition in the home market but little in certain foreign countries. * A company overall strategies and plans can be anchored against a wider range of opportunities. Sudden collapses in market demand in some countries may be offset by expansions elsewhere. * Cross-border trade is today much easier to organise than in the past. International business is not new businesses and nations have conducted trade across national boundaries for centuries.Lured by the prospects of large markets and/or sources of raw materials, businesses have traded with other parts of the world. But as we will see later world-wide business and global industry is different. Over seas trade and Ansoffs matrix Thinking about international business in the context of Ansoffs matrix * submission into fore ign markets represents market development. * Existing products are sold in new markets. * It is appealing because market penetration is difficult in saturated markets. product development is costly. variegation is risky Why enter oversea markets?The reasons for entering overseas markets can be categorised into push and pull factors Push factors * Saturation in domestic markets * Economic difficulty in domestic markets * Near the end of the product life cycle at home * Excess capacity * Risk diversification Pull factors * The attraction of overseas markets * Increase sales * Enjoy greater economies of scale * Extend the product life cycle * Exploit a free-enterprise(a) gain * Personal ambition Factors in the choice of which overseas market(s) to enter * Size of the market (population, income) * Economic factors (state of the economy) Cultural linguistic factors (e. g. preference for countries with similar cultural background) * Political stability ( in that location is usually a preference for stable areas) * Technological factors (these affect demand and the ease of trading) Constraints and difficulties in entering overseas markets * Resources * Time * mart uncertainty * Marketing costs * Cultural differences * Linguistic differences * Trade barriers * Regulations and administrative procedures. * Political uncertainties * Exchange rates (transactions costs & risks) * Problems of financing * Working capital problems * speak to of insurance Distribution networks Exporting is only one method of doing business internationally * We normally think of overseas trade in terms of exporting and importing goods and services * This involves transporting goods and selling them across national boundaries. * Direct exporting implies that the domestic firm is actively involved in selling the goods abroad * validating exporting means that the marketing of goods is delegated to export agents and the UK manufacturer concentrates on production * But exporting involving th e movement of goods is only one method of engaging in international businessOther methods of market entry * Overseas product an/or assembly (producing goods abroad) * International alliances and joint ventures (working with foreign companies) * International M&A (mergers and acquisitions across frontiers) * International franchising and licensing allowing foreign based firms to produce, market and distribute goods in specified areas abroad) A. Definition LOGISTICS IS THE ART AND SCIENCE OF MANAGEMENT, ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES CONCERNED WITH REQUIREMENTS, DESIGN AND SUPPLYING, MAINTAINING RESOURCES TO SUPPORT OBJECTIVES, PLANS AND OPERATION. ball club OF LOGISTICS ENGINEERS (SOLE) 1974. Fierce competition in todays market has forced business enterprises to invest in and focus on supply stoves. The growth in telecommunication and transportation technologies has led to further growth of the supply chain. The supply chain, withal known as the logistics network, consists of suppliers, manufacturing centers, warehouses, distribution centers and retail outlets, as strong as raw materials, work-in-process inventory and finished products that flow between the facilities.The logistics management takes into consideration every facility that has an impact on cost. It plays an important division in qualification the product conform to customer requirements. Also it involves efficient integration of suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses and stores and encompasses the firms activities at many levels, from the strategic level through the tactical to the operational level. Logistics is a gainsay and important activity because it serves as an integrating or boundary spanning function.It links suppliers with customers and it integrates functional entities across a company. With the ever-growing competition in todays market place it becomes necessary for a firm to use its resources to focus on strategic opportunities. This includes several internal factors like management ardor, culture, human resources, facilities and several away factors like technology, globalization and competition. This is where the concept of logistics plays a major role, i. e. it helps to leverage certain advantages the firm has in the marketplace.B. government agency of Logistics Lets us now have a count at how logistics works. It is important to recognize the importance of a dynamic balance between the minute details and the main elements involved in a product. The Role of Logistics is to maintain that balance. Once the firm realizes the importance of logistics it is necessary that the firm make full and efficient use of logistics. The first step is to create a vendee value for the customer and a strategic value for the firm. The customer is the most important asset for a company.He drives the entire supply chain including manufacturing, marketing and logistics. therefore it is important for a firm to have a empower understanding of what the customer deman ds and to keep up to the customers expectations. Once a company has a capable understanding of its customers requirements it must device a strategy on how to use logistics to achieve it. This means that the company has to have a clear understanding or assessment of companys strategic direction. Now lets take a look at the various steps involved in a logistics strategy development and planning process.Visioning this includes the systematic development of an organizational consensus regarding the key inputs to the logistics planning process as well as identification of the potential drop alternating(a) logistics approaches. This is an important step for the following reasons * Helps to define a strategic direction to the company and also to select a clear understanding the role of logistics in it. * Get a clear idea of the requirements of the various segments of customers. * Have a look at the various factors that would affect the strategy of the company. * Define alternative stra tegies and also the scope of the planning effort.Strategic analysis this involves taking a look at the various components involved in the process and selecting the outstrip logistics process among the alternatives. These components, which are to be reviewed, are revealed during he first step. This may include revamping the entire process to assessing how a single component can be used more effectively. Planning this involves the assembling of a plan that outlines the mission and goals for the logistics function and the programs and activities to achieve these goals. Logistics planning is an iterative process.The plans have to be redefined every year to improve the lineament of performance. Managing change this involves effective management to implement enhanced ways of conducting business. The management should keeping changing the plans in accordance with the change in the market and also coach the organization to effectively embrace this change. C. Current Logistics Related Issu es There are several factors that affect logistics. These issues need to be anticipated, prepared for and taken advantage of for a company to be successful in todays market. They are External * Globalisation * Technology Workforce 2000 * challenging nature of the work force * Environmental concerns Internal * Customer service and quality * Third party networks * Supply chain management * Changes in management and organization style Listed below are some of the steps that could be followed to mitigate the above mentioned issues Performance * stop service for customers * Improved productivity * Assess just in time and quick response needs System structure * Better relationship with vendors, customers and third parties to more effectively manage the supply chain * Better relationship within and across the organizationTechnology integration * Better information systems that connect functions and organizations * Combine information and material handling systems for increased efficiency and effectiveness. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY * To study the performance of LOGISTICS process. . * To know about the marketing techniques and promotion measures. * To understand the overall functioning of all the various departments. AS A INTERNEE I did my Internship training at SAGAR LOGISTICS PVT. LTD. I had a very good experience observing and working with various departments of SAGAR.COMPANY PROFILE SAGAR shipping was started in the year 1987 at Willington Island, Kochi, Kerala to volunteer professionalized service in the area of clearing and promotion. This is our Silver Jubilee year. OUR LEADER & MISSIONARY Mr. V. S Pradeep is the founder of this organization and is the chief executive officer. Amongst the many laurels that indue his professional cap the following needs special mention. President Cochin Customs Agent Association (1999-2001) Director Indian Chamber of Commerce & constancy (Two terms) Trustee Cochin port (2000-2002)OUR MISSION Our mission is to provide a person alized touch to the professional service of Clearing & Forwarding by determination the right person for the right job and by ensuring the right job for the right person. It is our Endeavour to translate our years of experience, competence and goodwill to cater to the taut demands of changing times. We take pride in building long term relationships and quality service with uncompromising thoroughness, integrity, confidentiality and timely delivery. We take time to listen, understand and consort the needs of our clients.OUR ETHICS We are a value based organization. We conduct reference checks before our service is offered. We ensure confidentiality to our clients. OUR SERVICES * Custom Clearing forwarding * Baggage clearance * Packing * burden forwarding * Warehousing * Transporting Packing and Warehousing The packing of the goods for export is a complex task to ensure goods are protected against the risks involved in their handling and the modes of transportation being used. Co nsideration needs to be given to the climates and terrain of the countries through which the consignments will be travelling.Too much labored packing could prove costly for goods travelling by air, for example. On the other hand, too little packing might prove a false economy. legion(predicate) forwarders provide a packing service for their customers, and the forwarders expertise . . Who are Freight Forwarders? The different types of freight forwarding companies can be broadly divided up into three categories Local companies These are generally small single office companies which tend to deal with customers in the local area, or operate at a seaport or airport concentrating on particular types of traffic.National companies Many forwarders have offices in the major ports and airports throughout the country as well as in the largest industrial towns. They may also have warehousing or handling depots from where they operate their own services. Such companies will often have agents or correspondents overseas in the markets with which they operate. International companies The truly international company will have its own offices overseas and offer a wide range of worldwide services. mo Procedures Procedures have to be followed by person-in-charge of conveyance as well as the importer.WHO IS PERSON IN CHARGE As per section 2(31), person in charge means (a) In grammatical case of vessel its master (b) In case of aircraft its commander or pilot-in-charge (c) In case of train its conductor or guard and (d) In case of vehicle or other conveyance its driver or other person in charge. The significance of this definition is He is responsible for submitting Import unembellished and Export Manifest He is responsible to ensure that the conveyance comes through approved route and lands at approved place only. He has to ensure that goods are unloaded after indite order, at proper place.Loading also has to be only after permission. He has to ensure that conveyance does not leave without written order of Customs authorities. He can be penalised for (a) Giving false declaration and statement (b) shortages or non-accounting of goods in conveyance Procedure by Importer The importer importing the goods has to follow dictate procedures for import by ship/air/road. (There is separate procedure for goods imported as a baggage or by post. ) honker of submission This is a very vital and important document which every importer has to submit under section 46.The Bill of Entry should be in prescribed form. The standard size of Bill of Entry is 16 ? 13. However, for computerisation purposes, 15 ? 12 size is permitted. (Mumbai Customs Public Notice No. 142/93 go out 3-11- 93). Bill of Entry should be submitted in quadruplicate original and duplicate for customs, triplicate for the importer and fourth copy is meant for bank for making remittances. Under EDI system, Bill of Entry is actually printed on computer in triplicate only after out of charge o rder is given. Duplicate copy is given to importer.Types of Bill of Entry Bills of Entry should be of one of three types. Out of these, two types are for clearance from customs while third is for clearance from warehouse. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED DEPARTMENT Sea Freight Forwarding services are offered irrespective of the nature of business i. e. export or import . Through our ocean Freight Forwarding Services, we handle general, project as well as stock shipments at the quickest pace. We ensure dry area for the proper placement of the arrived shipment at all the sea ports.Being a reliable Sea Freight Forwarder we also offer LCL and FCL consolidation . We also have support of order follow up and supply chain tracking system. picnic Freight Forwarding Service are the first of all quick and then very safe . The services of International post Freight Forwarding include door to door service of pick up , custom clearance , delivery on the desired destination . Besides, we also pick up t he cargo from the clients end . We promptly notify the consignee about the arrival of the shipment and delivery instruction . Besides, we are a trusted Air Freight Forwarder in India.The company offers gamut of Import and Export Services in the industry . We are reckoned as one of the leading Import Export agents in India. Our range of services in this category includes custom duty clearance , providing required bills and certificates, certified survey and compliances , third party inspection, transportation, warehousing and logistics solution and so on . Counted among the prominent import Export Agents in India, we take every measure to serve the clients in the most professional manner so that they get maximum satisfaction meeting their end vision.SAGAR logistics is specialized in offering highly reliable Custom Clearance Services in the industry. We are counted among the best Custom Clearing Agents in India. We extend our services for the hassle free transaction of shipments of th e clients in almost all the customs houses in India. Our team of professionals is dependable in the complex documentation process of custom clearance . We take every care for the timely clearance of the goods from the ports or custom house through our Custom Clearance Services OUT COME OF THE INTERNSHIPGot to observe the various departments as an whole but not in detail Learned new things concerning the procedures of import and export Got a chance to interact with people around 5. 2 CONCLUSION Logistics is the one important function in business today. No marketing, manufacturing or project execution can succeed without logistics support. Logistics is important in India because of the countrys size, geography, population variety, natural and man-made calamities etc. The transport facilities are inadequate in India and roads are bad.India lacks a well-developed road network and waterways are still unexploited. Due to competition, globalization and information availability, logistics has gained extra importance. First the old age are gone when a manufacturer had a better raw material supplier than competitors. Then, the operations in a manufacturing process are well known to all. The processes are more or less standard. Also, technology is available to all. The only area where one can score over competitors is logistics. If logistics cost is reduced, there is a gain. . .

New Hire Essay

Dear Mr. Hendricks,My name is Brad Johnson and I am writing you today because I understand you are looking for a new mechanic for your racing team. I would like to inform you of my experience in order to prove to you that I am the right fit for the job that you are offering. I have been following your career as the owner of the top NASCAR team for quite slightly time now and have always dreamed of organism involved with such a successful race team. I have looked forward to being a mechanic since my freshman year of senior high school school. I already have a racing background and hope to expand my horizons by becoming involved with NASCAR and Hendricks racing. I am and twenty years old, but I have been racing and wrenching on my own machines and vehicles since I was nine years old. I have paid keen assistance to your teams track record and I know that your engines are some of the most reliable engines out on the track each and every(prenominal) week.I would like to become the h ead mechanic for Hendricks racing someday in the near future, but as of now I would be absolutely fine with works as an apprentice to gain my experience and hopefully take over the head mechanic position. I have not only gained mechanical experience from working on my own vehicles and machines, but I have withal gathered experience from work and school. I took auto computer memory in high school for two years and at that moment I knew what field I was to enter after high school. I also had a part time job at fabrication shop in Morgan Hill, California. This shop was Pacific Fabrication and I worked as an intern to let out my knowledge in the automotive field. I learned a lot at this shop and continued to pursue my career in this industry. After working as an internship for a year, I decided to take my knowledge even further by joining the ThinkBig program offered by Caterpillar at Delta College in Stockton, Ca.I have been going to school to earn my Associates degree and also to g et training to become a journeyman technician. I was hired by Peterson CAT as an apprentice and have been working with Peterson for over a year now. conveyfully they have put me through school and helped me grow in the field of a dealer service technician. I love what I do but am looking to go further in life-time by gainingmore experience and working on machines that I truly have a passion for. To be honest, many people discount my credibleness as a technician because I am very young still and may not be as experienced as most of your new(prenominal) techs that work for you, but what I lack in age and knowledge, I make up for in my willingness to learn and my ability to move over my goals.I hope you consider me for such an opportunity. I could be a beneficial asset to your company. I have always been interested in high power engines and would love to become your next engine builder. I have been racing long enough to understand that the key to winning is having high lineament engines that produce great power and outlast those in competition. I believe that with time and training I could continue to produce engines for your team with just as good of a track record. I have a keen attention to detail which is a necessity when building these high output engines. When I am put to a task I do not ever cut corners to complete it. I have always put oftentimes effort into what I do. I never do anything half-way. I have always given my best effort when it comes to completing a task. With the recent advancements in technology, more and longer term mechanics are finding it difficult to work on these machines. Almost everything now days are controlled by some type of computer system. Just a few years ago the engines in NASCAR were carbureted and completely mechanical.With recent advancements in technology, these cars have all been updated to electronic give the sack injection systems. Now that these engines are controlled and programmed by a computer, many older m echanics are not able to comprehend this new style of tune and adjusting which may lead to drawbacks in your racing team. I have been trained through Caterpillar to work on these newer style engines which are all controlled by computers. Most of the work we have been taught is to use laptops to program and troubleshoot problems which is a necessity for fine tuning these engines to make the most power while maintaining reliability. All in all I am a hard working young man that is eager to learn. With the right opportunity I will become the get well mechanic that the Hendricks racing team needs more than ever now with the recent advances in technology. I recognize that I am young and may not be the most experienced applicant, but with my eagerness to learn, attention to detail, and experience with these new style computer systems, I am sure that I would be a great match for the Hendricks racingteam.My background knowledge and experience with racing gives me the leading edge over thos e general mechanics who have not received any kind of formal training in this field. I will strive to be the best employee and technician you have ever had, and I will do all I can to continue to represent Hendricks racing as the best racing team in the history of NASCAR.Thank you for your time and consideration.Sincerely,Brad Johnson

Intern for Contrabandit.com

For the past 10 weeks of the Fall 2004 qu artistic productioner, Ive had the opportunity to work as intern for Contrabandit.com. Contrabandit ran by West Coast semipolitical and hea soish editor of the showtime Ryan Ford aims to provide an uninhabited voice for the hip-hop community as well as inform most of the nonage readers of politics, social and educational news and issues that occur in the realism. As a History major, with my pastime in Film and Television journalism, Contrabandit has allowed me to study contemporary and cultural history through the medium of Hip-Hop music. I looked at this internship as a starting point to acquiring work experience and possibly move into working within the field of entertainment journalism. But as an African-American student at UCLA, Contrabandit has allowed me to chronicle events within hip-hop as they happen and put on the broader historical significance as they occur.Being an African-American student, I look hip-hop as not save effective a musical art form, solely also as a voice and representation of an entire community. Unlike Jazz and R&B, Hip-Hop was a genre truly practice out of the African-American community after the post-civil rights movement and really feels uncorrupted by mainstream pop culture, where it sets the tr hold back, instead of following the pack. When stay oning the medium of Hip-Hop music, I discovered how far reaching and expansive it has become and with my education at UCLA Ive been fitting to view hip-hop from scholarly approach.The main theme Ive noticed end-to-end my internship has been Hip-Hop musics growth and the changes that become of it as it has become an acceptable musical genre generating b badions of dollars for the recording industry studios. The three biggest new stories that I was able to cover were the Eminem-Michael Jackson confrontation, Russell Simmons Hip-Hop Summit Action webs Presidential voter allowance campaign, and the violent incident that occurred a t the trembling Awards. On the surface there nevertheless current events that needed to be covered to feel up space on the website, precisely with little probing they actually had far reaching and historical impact on the website, Hip-Hop music and with me in developing my critical writing skills and applying historical analysis from my UCLA course and history major.Jackson boots Eminem off post (published October 12, 2004)That article resulted in an immediate phone call from my editor, as well as a lecture from him on the role and responsibility of a journalist. He proclaimed my article was blatantly bias and that I was leading the reader to take one point of view or side on the issue, but my job instead was to report the facts in a news story. Which, as my editor expressed to me, is something thats continues to occur since he beginning of entertainment, and its should not be allowed patronage the fact Eminem makes a very good living off of doing Black Music much like Elvis, bu t again, difference being, Elvis never insulted a African-American musical icon like Michael Jackson, like Eminem has. Im sure this issue will be glanced over, much like the controversy of the memorialises being made unrestricted by Hip-Hop magazine the Source, where what occurred was an investigation into why Eminem recorded these racist lyrics, but the Source was attacked for bringing this issue to the public.I must admit, just looking on the surface of the controversy I was quick to pass judgment upon BET for what I saw as its hypocrisy by stating it would not air videos disrespectful of any celebrity. Considering thats how they made their notoriety during the whole east coast-west coast beef that many attribute to the deaths of Tupac Shakur and Christopher Biggie Wallace. But my editor expressed to me that I needed take it into context along with Eminems previously uncovered studio recording where hes referring to African-American men as niggers and African-American women as b lack bitches in a derogatory manner, is not possible to let this pass as artistic and playful expression. Again hes shown disrespect to a community that he continues to make million of dollars off of through doing their music, and can be argued is allowed to get away with such offensive behavior because he is a white. Not just with the African-American community, hes come under fire for his anti-gay remarks from the Gay and Lesbian community, but continues to get way with or at least not suffer any ill effects, whereas if a comparable black celerity had done similar offenses, they would find it difficult to maintain the type of celerity that Eminem enjoys.Working alongside Ryan with Contrabandit, I was able to view the controversy as bigger than Eminem just poking fun and having a laugh at Michael Jacksons expense, but greater historical, racial, and industry-wide ramification that this cause. The images of Eminem done up in Black face and portraying Jackson as buffoon and monster h ave long term consequences upon not only his image but that of African-Americans as they see one of their longest musical icons ridiculed in a way not only personally but racially offensive. And even to a greater extent than importantly with no consequences or accountability from Eminem.Russell Simmons HSAN proclaims 21 million registered youth/nonage voters for 2004 election(published November 4, 2004)In the aftermath of the national presidential election, it brought into prospective the efforts of voter registration among young, minority voters. The day after the election, a press release went out from Russell Simmons Hip-Hop Summit Action Network proclaiming that 21 million registered voters from 18-35 voted in the 2004 election, up from the 18 million that had voted in the 2000 election. Although thats encouraging it was disappointing to do it that the voter registration campaign and awareness of the splendour of this Presidential election that still George bush-league was re-elected. But looking at the numbers and statistics shows a deeper issue and problem arising in America.Working with Contrabandit got me accession to covering Russell Simmons Hip-Hop Summit Action Network fundraiser at the Beverly Hills Hotel. Co-sponsored by Sony Playstation, the fundraiser was an entertainment industry party to bring awareness as well as funding to the organization for needed increased minority voter registration and education. Despite their efforts, the hip-hop community that was being courted by Simmons HSAN paled in comparison to those of the voters in the Midwestern states. I always felt it was flawed to try to reach out to the hip-hop community as despite the growing numbers of minorities, who will soon grow to be an almost suitable number to the majority of White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) constituents, some of those minorities are turning towards the conservative ideology. Also there is no unity among this minority group. With more WASP senior citiz ens living longer, that agingConsidering that ultimately the Presidential election was determined by the Midwest, as the Democratic Party hasnt carried southern states in years, where as California and New York (with a combined 86 electoral votes) are perennial Democratic strongholds. Interestingly, the Midwest won the election for Bush and to me it was a ignominy that the backlash of gay marriages and abortion (as reported by news affiliates as the determining reason for voting for Bush) were more important than the situation in Iraq, terrorism, and the churned-up economy. I never want to question anyones beliefs or morals, but gay marriages and abortion should be an individuals choice.Most important to take from this election is hopefully maintaining the interest of registered voters beyond this Presidential election, as there are more issues that will arise within the coming years before the 2008 election. In California on the ballot was the repealing of Proposition 187, the 3 strikes law. I understand the spirit of 3 strikes, incarcerating repeat violent offenders from 25 to life sentence in jails, but continually in the years since passage as laws, many third strike offenders have been non-violent repeat offenders. Some argue the old adage dont commit the crime, wont do the time, but theres a bigger issue of privatized prisons making hundreds of millions of dollars off the incarceration of young prisoners and the prison system being made up of predominately African-American and Latino men. Conservative republican fan base are carrying the votes.Melee breaks out at the shaking Awards(published November 17,2004)Lastly there was the violent altercation that occurred at the, the Vibe confronts On November 16. During the four hour taping inside the hangar at the Santa Monica Airport an incident broke as Quincy Jones and Snoop Dogg were presenting an award to Hip-Hop producer Dr. Dre. An unidentified man attacked Dr. Dre, who was later assaulted y several members of his entourage and left him stabbed, later identified as rapper Young Buck by authorities. With the Vibe awards, it is yet another black eye on Hip-Hop as well as on black-themed award shows. The incident alone wont spell the end of Hip-Hop or these musical award shows, but my over all perspective is the necessity of these award shows.Within the entertainment industry its become a joke that there are too many awards shows. Yet when it comes to black themed award shows, they are usually relegated to lesser channels like UPN and BET, and more practically than not are taped delayed events. Such events as the NAACP Image Awards, BET Awards, Soul Train Awards and Soul Train Lady of Soul, Vibe Awards, and the Source Awards all fall into this category. And incidents like this further perpetuate the stereotypes of the safety issue that constantly trouble hip-hop events. Amazingly events like the Rock the Bells concerts a week earlier at Anaheim Stadium that I covered for Contraba ndit(and the Source)doesnt garner the positive press as when chaos ensues at televised events. At that event, despite some wicked drug use, the show went off without any violent altercation or incident, in front of a mostly diverse White, Latino, and Asian audience. Myself being the only amazed at this diversity and more so shows how far hip-hop music and their artist have developed with such a diverse displace and the artist being so comfortable in front of them.But dealing with the coverage of black themed awards shows their two sides to the argument. Those that feel that its alright that the awards shows are tape delayed and marginally watched by non-blacks because its for Blacks and its best that we have a awards show tape delayed then none at all. As a depicted object of fact, the NAACP dubs its annual awards Black Americas answer to the Oscars, Emmys, Grammys, and Pulitzer, as it continues to honor overlook performances by African-American entertainers that the mainstream H ollywood community pass over. But on the other present there is the argument that by not being a live broadcast somehow relegates it as meaningless shows that dont really count.For starters, with most of the United States having access to the numerous channels available through cable and satellite television, and at least 5-10 music themed channels, viewing music, film and television entertainers is a lot more accessible then in any era prior to the 1990s. Before then, it was rare being able to view entertainers outside of impressions, therefore making movie and television award shows the only place to see them. Likewise for most, seeing their favorite musical artist perform live at awards show provided a free experience to catch them performing if they were unable to go to a concert to see them performing and this is remembering that MTV didnt debut till 25 years ago in 1981. But with the emergence of MTV, BET, VH1, and even E, it has provided a near 24 hour access to view these entertainers and even more so, know them beyond their music or the characters they portray on screen and films. Awards was more than just a night of honoring actors and musician, but that rare opportunity to view them live and has human.Speaking with my editor Ryan, he allowed me to go further with this topic and try to give our readers some prospective and insight behind awards show and why they exist. Working for the Source, he gave me some inside information about the motives behind events such as the Vibe, Source, BET, and Blockbuster Awards shows MONEY By organizing one awards event for on night, the sponsorship and advertising for the event generates more money in one night then the magazines do for the entire year. Even the awards presentations are staged, as more then likely the winner is determined by the artist that will appear, more than who deserves to win. When you look at the BET, Source, and Vibe awards, what they provide great revenue and backlash towards to the main stream (white) award show are not able to properly honor the hip-hop artists that were annually disregarded for their work. Honestly for the most part the Grammys and American Music Awards do base their nomination, and Im sure, there awards recipient on mainstream success. But whereas the NAACP Image awards and Soul Train music awards were created to make up for these lack honors to Black performers, these proliferation of the other awards show, seems to be purely done as promotion.The experience that I take from my time working with Contrabandit, has been invaluable in applying the classroom knowledge I acquired from UCLA towards real world situations. Without the historical significance and ramification of events as they occurred and relating them to past events, I would not have been able to elaborate upon them in my writing for the website or convey the importance to my audience at the site.

Methamphetamine Notes

The main ingredient that goes into making nut is pseudoephedrine, a decongestant in most over the antagonistic cold medication, that in combination but a host of other toxic chemicals such as lye and drain cleaner. Form White or chickenhearted powder, clear or yellowish crystals or shards, or in pill form. Use Smoked, snorted, swallowed, or injected. Addiction Factor Extremely Addictive Physical & psychical Effects Brain damage, organ failure, open sores, rotting teeth, stroke, mania, paranoia, obsesSive compulsive behaviours, twitching or shaking, psychosis, etc. Social Effects Withdrawal from friends and family, growthd cruel activity to support addiction o r imputable to violent episodes while high, and an increase in overall violent and/ or rude behaviour. environmental Effects When methamphetamine is being synthesized, there are over 5 pounds of toxic wast e as a byproduct for every pound of meth. This photocopy is almost never disposed of properly and finds its w ay into ecosystems which pollutes water, destroys habitats and kills wildlife and mountain be harmful to huma ns if they should come nto contact with any chemical byproducts.This is why many meth lab technicians ar e sent to the hospital for chemical burns. What Does Methamphetamine Do To The Body? Heart Methamphetamine affects the heart and the circulatory system by increasing heart r ate and crinkle pressure substantially. Repetitive use can cause irregular heartbeat, heart attack, stroke, and u Itimately death. These side inwardnessuate will improve over a long period of time in which the individual has abstai ned from using the drug. The Senses Meth may cause the user to see, hear, feel, smell, or taste things that arent really the e, if these sort of hallucinations persist, fullblown psychosis may develop.Bones Since Meth use can cause loss of appetite, some meth users can develop anorexia an d/or osteoporosis. This is because of the lack of essential proteins and elements such as calcium which help keep the body strong and wellnessy The Muscles Because the drug has such a profound effect on the part of the brain that aids in the coordination of movements, the user very likely to eventually develop Involuntary muscular contracti ons, uncontrollable twitching or shaking, and strange movements like facial ticks.These side effects wors n as the addiction progresses. Immune System Since meth causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of the split vessels) the skin can mystify deprived of oxygen, and nutrients. This also message that white blood cells and other immunocytes (cells of the immune system) also may not be able to reach certain areas of the skin. In conjunction, this will lead to pale or grey tinted skin, acne, and open sores.Temperature Regulation When an individual uses meth their body temperature skyrockets which can be very dangerous, leading to an increase in heart deem and blood pressure as well as increasing the likelihood of orga failure or brain d amage caused by cellular destruction due to the high temperatures created within t he body. The Teeth Smoking meth will cause rotten teeth and gums. This can be caused by any of the foll owing Poor oral hygiene, bacteria, teeth chattering or grinding, or the acidity ot the drug itselt.Hair The toxic chemicals in meth, unite with the constant urge to pull at the hair or pi ck at the scalp while high can lead to thinning, greying, or drying of the hair, as well as an increase in oils produced by the scalp. bald patches may also occur in individuals who have a bad habit of displace hair out. References http//www. methproect. org/answers/whatdoesmethdotoyour body. htmlBodybyMeth The Heart Specificly. The Heart On Meth While under the influence of meth, you probably already know that it increases heart rate and blood pressure, but what does that really mean for the heart of the user?To get an idea, th e average adult heart will pump between 6,000 and 7,000 litres of blood per day when a person uses meth even a few times a week, this output will increase to an unhealthy level of or so 7,500 to 8,500 litres per day, The same goes for heart rate. The average adult heart rate at rest is between 60 00 beats per minute depending on the size, shape, gender, and overall health of the individual, but when he or she ingests methamphetamine, their heart rate at rest will spike, causing it to fall between 100 120 beats per minute.That means that when he or she is sitting, their heart rate is going as fast as it should if they were to walk up a flig ht of stairs between two floors of a house, or take a brisk walk. This is especially dangerous when engagin g in any kind of physical activity since the users heart will authorise the potential to beat too fast which wil I eventually send it into rrhythmia (irregular beating of the heart) which is a medical emergency and is likely to result in death.Considering the curt cardiovascular health of meth users, most individuals who e xpe rience an arrhythmia, heart attack, or stroke while under the influence are more likely to die due to the fact that after prolonged used, the addicts heart will need to increase in size so it can compensate for the hear t rate and blood pressure spike. Having an enlarged heart is especially dangerous because it means t he the heart is not as strong as it at a time was, leaving it more susceptible to complications. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Research Essay-Pre Revolutionary Thinkers

Over the past several weeks, looking out of the window of my modest home and seeing wrap after wave of British marauders marching toward the city of Boston, some miles from my own home, my mind wanders to exactly what has possessn place over the past several long time in the fight for independence for our colonies, and what the future on the wholeow for hold. As a person of means and education, I consider myself infinitely qualified to comment on such matters, and in doing so, have excessively studied the writings and ideas of the leaders of our revolution, in order to be able to comment about the same.First, my mind wanders acantha to the year 1765, when we in the colonies sought to oppose the British attempt to extort monies from us via the Stamp Act, which had as its premise the collection of taxes in order to cleanse the living conditions and inner workings of the colonies (Ferling, 2002) , but in reality, to those of us who could see through the smoke of British muskets being aimed at us, it was nonhing more than a legal form of blackmail, for the taxes that we were being compelled to pay gave us no more of a voice in the halls of British Parliament than the common slave would in fact have.When it was said that taxation without representation is nothing more than tyranny, the words rang true in my ears and in my heart. If the British Crown truly wishes to be able to legitimately collect taxes from the colonists, we must be able to exercise our basic freedoms and enjoy the protection of the Crown, including a voice in the halls of Parliament.Benjamin Franklin, a learned earth of science and politics as well as a well traveled diplomat, has stated time and time again that all men ar entitled to liberty (Watson, 2003) not the kind of liberty that has conditions of allegiance to a distant ruler attached to it, but the kind of liberty that is completely refined and noble- one that allows everyone to be able to pursue their own cares, contribute to the well-being of the common good, and be able to enjoy the blessing of raising ones children in a free nation. One of Mr.Franklins best ideas is the plan that he has constructed for the unity of the colonies under one government (Watson, 2003) however, this plan must be clarified for one to truly understand both the simplicity and the beauty of it. Mr. Franklin does not advocate an allegiance to the British Empire, which has thus far added little of look upon to what we ar doing here in the colonies, but rather a freely elected government, with the people choosing the members of the government and that government working at the interests of the people, not oppressing or opposing them.This is something that is seriously lacking in the thoughts and actions of the English, who believe that we colonists could be stacked the like cordwood and used when necessary, ignored the rest of the time. Not only is this ridiculous, but it also makes cleared the importance of what Mr. Franklin has offered thus far. Mr. Franklin is not alone in these beliefs, nor has he been forced to carry the torch of liberty on his own. Yet another brilliant liberator of the colonists can be found in the person of Thomas Jefferson of Virginia.As a prolific writer as is Mr. Franklin, Jefferson has put pen to paper and created a result of the independence that we seek from the Crown of England. While this document has not been intended to fire up controversy, it has raised the anger of those that would hold us back from our destiny, and will surely cause many problems going forward, before it is able to achieve its ultimate goal of freeing us from our political and economic bondage (Dershowitz, 2003).The Jeffersonian ideal of self government, as he proclaims, is worthwhile to consider, for within it, he feels that if men are given the ability to lead themselves and achieve their own destinies, not only will their nation, but future generations and the whole of mankind will be enriched f or all time (Eicholz, 2001). The issue of independence goes so much deeper than the public lives of colonists the issue cuts right to the will of the human race to be free and to lead themselves.While mistakes surely will and must happen from time to time, these mistakes will take place in an atmosphere of freedom, which is the naturally desirable state of man (Volo, 2003) These gentlemen are worthy of consideration from everyone who would be free for this reason if no other. For all of this talk of independence, I have not yet given much of my own impressions of the goings on and where I think everything will eventually lead. First, let me word this- I believe that it is the will of God almighty that these colonies be able to become something on their own and develop a system of government beyond the shadow of Englands heavy hand.America offers the bounty of the land, a hardworking population, and all of the materials that one would need to meet their needs- physical and spiritua l. With these gifts from God in place, it is inconceivable that He would have us do anything else but to fight as hard as we need to in order to gain freedom and self responsibility. My sentiments are echoed throughout the land of course, the men who are gathered in Philadelphia have made this abundantly clear through their speech and written words, and the common citizen has shown their interest in the cause by taking up arms when necessary to fight for their lands, hearths and families.Because we all have put in the labor and money to crap homes, plant crops, and establish industry, we should enjoy the fruits of those labors without having to hand over the fruits to greedy dictators from across the sea who would take as much as we could give. This raises the question of where to go from here all effort must be made to keep our colonies strong through faith, hard work, and lawful behavior (Volo, 2003). Without these factors in place, we would surely fail, but this is not the case. We have at our disposal all of the tools that we will need to forge the freedom and keep the peace. In conclusion, after taking an educated look at what Mr. Franklin, Mr. Jefferson and their colleagues have thought and practiced in this effort to gain recognition as a nation, away from the oppression of the British crown, I am of like mind with these gentlemen and their confederates. It is essential that we follow this path to its logical conclusion, for while the actions may be risky, the consequences of inaction are even more so pricey. ReferencesDershowitz, A. (2003). America Declares Independence. Hoboken, NJ Wiley. Eicholz, H. L. (2001). Harmonizing Sentiments The Declaration of Independence and the Jeffersonian Idea of Self Government. New York Peter Lang. Ferling, J. (2002). Setting the World Ablaze Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution. New York Oxford University Press. Volo, D. D. , & M. Volo, J. (2003). Daily Life during the American Revolution. Westpor t, CT Greenwood Press. Watson, J. (2003). Ben Franklin, Protector of Americans Abroad. Biography, 26(3), 438+.

Unjust Persecution as a Major Theme in to Kill a Mockingbird

To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a novel takes place over the course of deuce-ace years in which spy Finch learns about life as she grows older. end-to-end the book, many themes are revealed. champion of the most obvious reccurring themes is the unjust persecution of the innocent. This theme is expressed through the victimization of guiltless characters such as tomcat Robinson, shuttlecock Radley, and even the mockingbirds. Tom Robinson is an African American man living in the southernmost in the 1930s, a cartridge holder when blacks were treated very poorly by the white population.Tom was accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white nineteen year old girl. Although there was no evidence against Tom and it was clear that he did not commit the crime, the jury found him guilty of rape. Tom was unjustly persecuted because it was popular belief during that time that all African Americans were liars. Tom Robinsons conviction expresses the theme of the persecution of the innocent in the sense that he was captive for a crime he did not commit solely because of the color of his skin.Boo Radley is another character who was exploited because of something he could not control. Boo Radley was emotionally damaged by his harsh father as a young boy and was forced to live as a recluse, never coming out of his house. Boo most likely suffered from a social or mental disorder that make him appear incompatible and standoffish. Most of the townspeople in Maycomb knew very little about Boo but assumed and made up things about him. People said he went out at night when the moon was down, and peeped in windows Any stealthy small crimes committed in Maycomb were his work A baseball hit into the Radley tread was a lost ball and no questions asked (Lee 9). Although the townspeople did not know Boo personally, his necessary reclusiveness gave him the write up of a menacing sociopath who committed crimes. When Scout and Jem met and got to know Boo Radley, they learned that t he reputation was a false one and Boo Radley was a victim of the persecution of the innocent.Finally, the motif of the mockingbird also represents the unjust persecution of the innocent. When Scout and Jem received rifles for Christmas, Atticus explained to them that they were free to shoot all the blue jays they wanted, but it was a sin to consume a mockingbird. Calpurnia explained further, Mockingbirds dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy they dont do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. Thats why its a sin to turn thumbs down a mockingbird (Lee 103). Calpurnias explanation emphasized the immorality of persecuting someone or something that is innocent and is not adequate to(p) of defending itself.The allusion to the title symbolized the unjust persecution of Boo Radley and Tom Robinson, who were both innocent and unable to defend themselves. Throughout To Kill A Mockingbird, the theme of the unjust persecution of the innocent is shown through multiple charact ers. The theme is exhibited in Tom Robinsons conviction, Boo Radleys inaccurate reputation, and the immorality of killing a mockingbird. Through this theme, the novel teaches its readers of the injustice of victimizing those who are blameless.

Organizational Behaviour Case Study

Hourly workerspeople who are paid a set dollar amount for each instant they work accommodate pine been the backbone of the U. S. economy. entirely times are changing, and with them so also is the lot of the hourly worker. As they can with most example preconditions, organizations are able to take a wider variety of approaches to managing compensation for hourly workers. And nowhere are these differences more than than apparent than in the contrasting conditions for hourly workers at General Motors and Wal-Mart. General Motors is an old, traditional industrial caller-up that until recently was the nations largest employer.And for decades, its hourly workers have been protected by strong labor marriage like the United Auto Workers (UAW). These unions, in turn, have forged contracts and established working conditions that almost look archaic in todays economy. Consider, for example, the employment conditions of Tim Philbrick, a forty- devil- course-old plant worker and union penis at the firms Fairfax plant near Kansas City who has worked for GM for twenty-three years. Mr. Philbrick makes almost $20 an hour in base pay. With a little overtime, his annual earnings top $60,000.But level off then, he is far from the highest-paid factory worker at GM. Skilled-trade workers like electricians and toolmakers make $2 to $2. 50 an hour more, and with greater overtime opportunities often make $100,000 or more per year. Mr. Philbrick also gets a no-deductible health redress policy that allows him to see any doctor he wants. He gets four weeks of vacation per year, plus cardinal week off at Christmas and at least a nonher week off in July. Mr. Philbrick gets two paid twenty-three-minute breaks and a paid thirty-minute lunch break per day.He also has the option of retiring subsequently thirty years with full benefits. GM estimates that, with benefits, its average worker makes more than $43 an hour. Perhaps not surprisingly, then, the firm is alship canal lookin g for opportunities to reduce its workforce through attrition and cutbacks, with the goal of replacing drudgery capacity with lower-cost labor abroad. The UAW, on the other hand, of course, is staunchly opposed to further workforce reductions and cutbacks. And long-standing work rules strictly dictate who gets overtime, who can be laid off and who cant, and myriad other employment condition for Mr.Philbrick and his peers. But the situation at GM is quite incompatiblein a lot of waysfrom conditions at Wal-Mart. Along many different dimensions Wal-Mart is slowly but surely supplanting General Motors as the quintessential U. S. corporation. For example, it is growing rapidly, is becoming more and more ingrained in the the Statesn lifestyle, and now employs more people than GM did in its heyday. But the hourly worker at Wal-Mart has a much different experience than the hourly worker at GM. For example, consider Ms.Nancy Handley, a twenty-seven-year-old Wal-Mart employee who oversees the men department at a big store in St. Louis. Jobs like Ms. Handleys pay between $9 and $11 an hour, or about $20,000 a year. About $100 a month is deducted from Ms. Handleys paycheck to help covering fire the cost of benefits. Her health insurance has a $250 deductible she then pays 20 percent of her health-care cots as long as she uses a set of approved physicians. During her typical workday, Ms. Handley gets tow fifteen-minute breaks and an hour for lunch, which are amateur. Some step that conditions are inadequate.Barbara Ehrenreich, author of Nickel and Dimed On (Not) Getting By in America, worked at a Wal-Mart age researching her book and now says, Why would anybody put up with the wages we were paid? But Ms. Handley doesnt encounter mistreated by Wal-Mart. Far from it, she says she is appropriately compensated for what she does. She has received three merit raises in the give out seven years and has ample job security. Moreover, if she decides to try for advancement, Wal-Mart seems to offer considerable potential, promoting thousands of hourly workers a year to the ranks of management.And Ms. Handley is clearly not unique in her viewsWal-Mart employees routinely reject any and all overtures from labor unions. In the twenty-first century, the gap between Old Economy and New Economy workers, between unionized manufacturing workers and nonunion or service workers, may be shrinking. Unions are losing their power in the auto industry, for example, as foreign-owned plants indoors the United States give makers such as Toyota and BMW, which are nonunion, a cost advantage over the loose Three U. S. automakers. U. S. irms are telling the UAW and other unions, Were becoming noncompetitive, and unless you organize the foreign-owned firms, were going to have to modify the proposals we make you. At the same time, Wal-Mart is facing lawsuits from employees who clam the retailer forced them to work unpaid overtime, among other charges. At Las Vegas store, t he firm faces its first union election. In a world where Wal-Mart employs three times as many workers as GM, it may be inevitable that the retailers labor will organize. On the other hand, will labor unions continue to lose their power to determine working conditions for Americas workforce?ReferencesJoann Muller, can The UAW Stay in the Game? Business Week, June 10, 2002. HYPERLINK http//www.businessweek.com www.businessweek.com on June 3, 2002 Mark Gimein, surface-to-air missile Walton Made Us a Promise, Fortune, March 18, 2002. HYPERLINKhttp//www.fortune.com www.fortune.com on June 3, 2002.

WebDesPix Ltd case study questions

1. What does the name WebDesPix Ltd tell you to the highest degree the ownership of the beau monde?It tells us that it is a c neglectd-door doctored familiarity this kernel that it is in the private sector and it must accept the letters Ltd after its name. The main features of a private limited company include* It is owned by the parcelholders.* It is controlled by the regain along of directors.* It is managed by constituteed managers.* Finance cigaret be gained by borrowing from banks or market shares.* The profits go to the shareholders of the company, in the form of dividends.Socratic Seminar Questions2. mete out (2 or more) reasons why they may have decided on this oddb all in all of company?This type of occupation is more expensive to set up than a sole trader or a partnership, further* It carries less financial risk for the owners as they have limited liability, which means that if the company goes bust, they unaccompanied lose the amount of m maveny that th ey invested in the company and non their personal possessions.* Limited companies are also co-ordinated which means that the company has a separate legal identity from its owners. Which means that it is the company that can be sued or sue, not the owners.* It also gives the company greater continuity because its existence is not ended by the death or retirement of its owners.3. Tom and Dee are shareholders. What does this mean?* It means that Tom and Dee are the lot who invest m sensationy in the company by defileing shares, and are therefore called shareholders. It also means that they are the owners of the company.* By buying shares in the company Tom and Dee are entitled to a share of the profits cognise as dividend. How much dividend a shareholder accepts depends on how well the company is performing, the type of share they own, and the number of shares they own.* This also means that as they are shareholders they can elect people to the board of directors to represent the ir interest and be responsible for the long term strategy of the company. The directors testament then appoint managers to be responsible for the day-to-day running of the company. Also, some managers may also be directors and are known as executive directors. In a private limited company the major shareholders, board of directors and managers may all be the corresponding people.4. They have an everyplacedraft facility. Explain how an overdraft works and say what they might use if for.An overdraft is when a parentage draws more money from its bank account than it currently has in the account. It has permission from the bank, which sets an agreed limit called an overdraft limit.Interest is payable on the overdraft and this is calculated on a daily basis. An advantage of an overdraft is that money is only borrowed when needed this means that interest is only paid when the bank account is overdrawn.The big disadvantage almost an overdraft is that the bank can insist that it is rep aid immediately.However, because of its flexibility an overdraft is probably the most frequently apply way to cultivate a cash flow problem.The table shows the advantages and disadvantages of overdraftsAdvantages of overdraftsDisadvantages of overdraftsFlexibility-can shift the amount borrowed within limits.Cannot be used for wide borrowing.Interest is only paid on amounts borrowed.Rates of interest higher than loans.Bank can change limit at any metre or ask for money to be paid sooner than expected.Used for anything wages, computer repairs etc5. List 4 products the company offers.* Web design is still the core business of the company, but new services are also offered.* Electronic newsletters.* Domain registrations.* Hosting and search engine optimisation.* The company offers three standard web design packages, this is-budget at 800-professional at 1000-and executive at 1500 each(prenominal) package provides a number of web pages, e-mail facilities and the cost of hosting the site.* WDP (WebDesPix Ltd) give a quotation to clients who need non-standard packages (a quotation is just an estimated price for job or service).6. All their products are marketed online. Explain 3 advantages of this when compared to carrying from a shop on the high street.Firstly, buying and selling products online is called e-commerce. The advantages of this include* Websites can be used to reach wider markets this means that the internet provides extra marketing possibilities.* The internet can be accessed all over the world-this makes it possible to target potential customers in foreign countries.* A company can put marketing material on its own website, or it could pay to advertise on early(a) websites.* A uncorrupted website can really help a firms competitiveness and increase its market share.* Firms can market and sell goods through their website 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (24/7).* By victimisation the strategy of marketing and selling 24/7, it can give e-commerce f irms an advantage over the traditional 9-5 businesses, as customers can shop at home, at a time which is convenient to them.7. The company wants to build up their brand name. List 3 advantages of having a strong brand name.* Businesses will hope that this leads to brand loyalty, where customers will repeat-buy because they prefer the look, taste, quality or image of their products.* If the companys name becomes established with one product, it may encourage customers to buy different products bearing that name.* Customers can be reasonably sure about the quality they will get with branded goods.8. What are overheads?Overheads (also called fixed costs or indirect costs) are costs which do not change whether the business produces lots of goods, or produces no goods at all. These are costs which still have to be paid, regardless of output. For example, the rent on a shop will still have to be paid, whether or not the shop has any customers. Examples of overheads are-interest honorariu m on loans.-managers salaries. Rates payable to the local council.-rent of premises.-gas-electricity- predict costs-administration costs and advertising9. Explain why the company has comparatively small overheads.The company has relatively small overheads because it is labour intensive.* It builds and upgrades its own computers.* Vacancies are just advertised on the companys website and at regular networking meetings with other businesses in the Bristol area.10. List 2 factors which influenced the company to locate in Bristol.* They could have run the company from anyplace in England, but as they were all from different parts of the country it was easier to locate in Bristol where they had all studied (it was more convenient).* Bristol is a large city with good infrastructure, so transport is not a problem.* There is a university in Bristol, so the business is close to an educated working force.11. List 3 non-financial fringe benefits available to the employees.* Free lunch each Fr iday.* The use of a Wii during their breaks.* Free health redress after six months employment.12. Give 2 reasons why the company gives fringe benefits.* To motivate their employees so that they obtain valued by the company and are therefore more productive as well.* Helps attract and hold back better qualified employees.* Improves efficiency and productivity as employees are assured of security for themselves (as well as their families).13. Some employees receive a monthly indemnity based on turnover rate. Explain bonus.Full-time employees receive a monthly bonus based on turnover. A bonus is a monetary reward. It can be paid within both the time rate and piece rate systems. Under the time rate system, a bonus is paid if the workers reach their production targets, which could be hourly, daily or weekly targets.14. Explain one advantage of giving these employees a bonus.-this encourages workers to work at their maximum output, and so pass the problem of the lack of incentive. It also increases the productivity, efficiency and motivation of employees, which may also increase their happiness.15. Give one disadvantage of giving them a bonus.The disadvantage is that the employees expect a bonus and moral drops sharply when the bonus is not paid.16. The 2 sales assistants receive commission in addition to their salary. Explain commission.Commission is a monetary incentive that the company can offer in addition to their basic pay. It is a payment to people who are employed in selling the products or services of a business.17. Explain one advantage of giving these employees commission.This system ensures that employees have to work hard to earn their pay, but if they are successful, their mesh can be unlimited.18. Give one disadvantage of giving them commission.If they fail to meet the required turnover or sales figures, they receive no commission.19. List 2 advantages of using email.* It is quick and easy to organise emails, as it allows communication easily over a number of sites.* People can keep in touch very easily-as many messages can be sent.* Messages can also be keyed-in and stored until they are needed.* oneness email can be sent to a number of different people at the same time.* They are very convenient, as multiple attachments can be sent.* It is easier to refer back to emails rather than feel through different pieces of paper.20. Explain why the company might use video conferencing.Video conferencing is stiff becoming more and more popular with companies. It involves using computer links and closed-circuit television, allowing people to pick up and see each other.The advantages include* Saves people travelling to meetings.* Large savings can then be made in terms of time and cost.* Face-to-face communication is possible rather than using telephone or letter.