Research Paper on Plato Essay Example for Free

Research Paper on Plato EssayAbstract Many Philosophers made a difference in society precisely Plato is peradventure recognized as the most famous. His belles- permittres have had a profound effect on people, politics, and the ism through prohibited the centuries. He was a public figure and he made major contributions to society. Plato helped to lay the philosophical foundations of modern culture through his estimates and writings. One of the most philosophical thinkers of Western civilization, Plato is the unless author from superannuated Greek times whose writings survive intact. His collection consists of thirty-five talkss and thirteen letters, though the authorship of about is contested.Plato was natural in capital of Greece, into a prosperous aristocratic family. His Fathers name was Ariston and his Mothers name was Perictione. His relative named Glaucon was one of the best-known members of the Athenian nobility. Platos name was Aristocles, his nickname Plato orig inates from wrestling circles, Plato means broad, and it plausibly refers either to his physical appearance or his wrestling style. Plato is, by any reckoning, one of the most bedazzle writers in the Western literary tradition and one of the most penetrating, wide-ranging, and influential authors in the history of philosophy, (Kraut, 2009).Plato was born during the Golden Age of capital of Greeces which saw the birth of classical architecture, drama, arts and politics. However, as he was growing up he observed the decline of Athens as a cultural center. He witnessed instances of cruelty, disloyalty, and dishonesty and it was in clear violation of his values. It was in addition during this time that Plato fell under the twine of Socrates, who diligent the people of Athens in philosophical discussions. It was into this bright, sly, worldly atmosphere that Socrates appe bed, moving questioningly about the streets of Athens.(Plato 1984). In 339 Socrates was brought to trial and ch arged with having false Gods and corrupting the youth. Socrates was found guilty on the charge and was sentenced to death. The exertion of Socrates weighed heavily on Plato and he turned away from politics, he thought the behavior of the courts was unjust. He unflinching not to get involved in political life, instead he decided to leave Athens with other friends of Socrates to travel and study. During his travels he met with all kinds of people and stu suffocated not only philosophy but geometry, astronomy, and religious precepts.Socrates was extremely influential to Plato and he was the main character in numerous writings, he was as well as influenced by Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the Pythagoreans. One of the most important goals Plato set for himself was to keep the memory of Socrates alive by written text and bringing about the kind of impact that Socrates had on people. N proto(prenominal) all of Platos decease takes the social organization of dialogues in which Socrates is usually the main character. One of the goals of a Platos dialogue is to engross the reader in philosophical questions related to the ideas being discussed.The Socrates of the Platonic dialogues is modeled after the real Socrates but it is in classify an imaginary character used to impart Platonic themes. Platos dialogues are divided into three groups, the early or Socratic dialogues the dialogues of middle age and the dialogues of old age. In the early dialogues, Socrates is the main character, but it is slackly believed that Plato is expressing his own views. These are the only remaining dialogues of Socrates teachings hence they are referred to as the Socratic dialogues. In The vindication Socrates was accused of having false gods and corrupting the youth.While on trial Socrates claimed that he was innocent and was not at all wise, Men of Athens, I honor and love you but I shall obey God instead than you, and while I have life and force-out I shall never cease from the pra ctice and teaching of philosophy Understand that I shall never alter my ways, not even if I have to die many times. (Plato 1984). Middle Dialogues During Platos middle period he wrote the following, Meno, Republic, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Phaedrus, Symposium and Phaedo. The most important difference between these writings and his earlier works is that he is establishing his own voice in philosophy.In the Meno Plato introduces us to the Socratic idea that no one knowingly does wrong, Virtue is the desire of things honourable and the power of attaining them. Plato (1984). In the Phaedo we become acquainted(predicate) with the platonic doctrine of the Forms this is where Plato makes a claim as to the immortality of the soul. Platos most influential work, The Republic, is part of the middle dialogues. It is a discussion of the virtues of justice, courage and wisdom. It addresses the question of how do tender-hearteds approach living a good life. The dialogue finishes by loo king at various forms of government and describing the ideal state.The allegory of the Myth of the Cave is also in The Republic it is an important writing because it contains the main points of his philosophy. It is intended to be a metaphor for schooling and it explains issues regarding the surmisal of knowledge. Plato believed one must explore the legal opinion that a greater reality exists. It is through this belief that a person can gain greater insight into true reality and become enlightened. Without it we are like the prisoners of a cave who only see the shadows of objects and live in complete darkness. And now, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened, behold gentlemans gentleman beings living in an underground den (Plato 1927). It is only through philosophy that we can come out of the cave into the true world. Who is best suited to rule the state lovers of opinion or true philosophers? (Plato 1927) His last(a) years at the Aca demy he wrote the later dialogues which included the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesmas, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus, and Laws. It should be noted that Socrates has a peasant role in these writings. Plato examines his metaphysical theories through these dialogues. He discusses art, dance, music, poetry, drama, and ethics in connection to immortality and the mind.He also dedicates himself to the philosophy of mathematics, politics and religion. Plato argued that women were qualified to play a role in politics and philosophy. In The Republic, Socrates argued that women were as capable as men in pursuit of accomplishments. There is a suggestion that women should be improve for their roles in the class of guardians and possibly work next to men. A womans role could be probatory in society, but distinguishable from a mans role. Even though Plato believed that women were incumbent in a working society, he did not mean he thought women were equals of men.Plato thought that women lacked the strength of men and that women were more suited for other responsibilities in life. If women are expected to do the same work as men, we must teach them the same things. (Plato 1927) The impact of Platos work cannot be measured or calculated. His writings had great influence on the entire intellectual development of Western civilization. Despite the occurrence that Plato did not leave a well-formed, rigid philosophical remains he is considered the father for all forms of philosophical idealism and dualism.The object of education is to teach us to love what is beautiful. (Plato 1984). After he died the Academy go on until AD 529, when it was closed due to its pagan teachings. Neo-Platonism, founded by the 3rd-hundred philosopher Plotinus, was an important development of Platonism. It was a philosophical system which was as a combination of Platonic, Pythagorean, and Aristotelian elements. Originally it was opposed to Christianity but later on it integrated it. It do minated European thought until the 13th century and re-emerged during the Renaissance.The most important Renaissance Neo-Platonist was Marsilio Ficino who developed significant ideas from Plato and Neo-Platonism. Ficino founded of the Academy in Firenze and was responsible for the circulation of Neo-Platonic ideas. Ficino is credited with translating all of Platos dialogues into Latin and produced a great work called Platonic Theology, in which he outlines Neo-Platonism. His philosophy is based on the doctrine that the serviceman soul is the center of the cosmos. It is the only thing that sits between the world of ideas and the world is the soul.Neo-Platonism was revived in the 17th century by the Cambridge Platonists such as Cudworth and Smith. The school stressed the importance of soil, maintaining that faith and reason are not that different. Rene Descartes an 18th century philosopher and Neo-Platonist developed a method to achieve truths. If something is not recognized by the intellect or reason can be classified as knowledge. According to Descartes. These truths are gained without any sensory experience (Descartes). He argued that as a result of his method, reason alone determined knowledge and that this could be done singly of the senses.Cogito ergo sum, I think therefore I exist (Descartes) Plato developed an absolutist ethical theory which is that there is a greater good toward which to aspire. He developed this theory to respond to the skepticism and the beliefs of the Sophists who Plato matt-up did not preach wisdom, but rather their opinions. Plato tried to protect the part of reasoning in human life though he had resistance from the ancient Greek preachers know as the Sophists. They came from different cities and entitle that they were able to impart knowledge to young men how to live prosperous lives.Even though the Sophists did not belong to a school and did not have a common creed, some opinions were typical of them as a group and were abso lutely conflicting to the views of Plato. The Sophists were great communicators and skilled public speakers. Plato felt that the Sophists were more likely to appeal to emotions rather than to reason. According to Plato philosophers influence peoples souls not their bodies and Plato agreed with Socrates in cerebration that the nurturing of the soul is more vital than the nurturing of the body.Furthermore, he also believed that true leaders need to have wisdom, and knowledge. Platos influence has been monumental as one philosopher said the history of philosophy is simply a series of footnotes to Plato. (Whitehead) Platos has been criticized toss off through the centuries for his philosophy of the forms. His ideas of the just life and an ideal state are complex. Plato tended to specifically ignores much of human nature. Plato did not think in the realm of the physical world, he was always looking to a different one where things exist only if he can prove there existence.References K raut, R. (2009, Sept) Plato Stanford encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/plato Plato. (1984) Great dialogues of Plato raw(a) York Mentor Books trans. by Benjamin Jowett Blackburn, S. (1945) The republic of Plato. (45 ed. ). London Oxford University Press, USA. trans. By Desmond Lee Descartes. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-works Alfred North Whitehead. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/whitehead/

The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde - Discuss the importance of London in the novel Essay Example for Free

The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Discuss the importance of capital of the United Kingdom in the novel showIn this novel there ar several themes, however the theme of capital of the United Kingdom is one of which is bring out importance and significance. London is the setting of the story, and to an extent it is the foundation or basis from which the rest of the story evolves.The revolve around of the story is on the duality of Jekyll and Hyde. Jekyll represents the everyday rational thinking, well-mannered, compliancyable middle class citizen. However, Hyde represents and symbolises the inner align to most humans, he is the evil in spot of Jekyll. I noticed that there were hints to this at various stages in the novel, however I imagine a signalise one is on page 31 where it says, at present that the evil influence had been withdrawn, a new life began for Dr Jekyll. This phrase gives emphasis to the facts the Jekyll is also Hyde, but at the same time showing their balances. Even though they be physically the same person they are two separate entities.This is a connective to the theme of London as this city is one of which has respect both internally and externally of Britain, in the square-toed day and age. This refers to the figure of reputable Dr Jekyll. None the slight London also has the element of being a ruff, dangerous and gloomy city that symbolises the evilness of Mr Hyde. due to the fact that Jekyll is seen to be respectable, well liked and warming we never really look for the Hyde beneath his surface. then we do not try to find the evil in something, which seems so indefinably good. Again this is relative to London because when people visit London they go to the nice, indulging places and do not see the grim side of things.London is used as a foundation to the novel as is enables readers to smelling a awareness of emotion, tension and tone. This builds up the atmosphere and we get a feel for the mood and characters fee lings as a result, for good example on page 23 it says, The dismal quarter of Soho seen under these changing glimpses like a regularise of some city in a nightmare.This gives the reader a chilling impress and allows them to almost feel as though they are present. This is a reflection on the dark and grim side of this Brobdingnagian city. A quote which shows Dr Jekyll had a reasonably good standard of living comes from page 16, Round the box seat from the bystreet, there was a square of ancient handsome houses a little further on it continues at the door of this, which wore a great air of wealth and comfort. This builds up Jekylls profile before we are correct introduced to him as a character and puts into our minds that this is a man who is known only for good. From this we can see that you are partly judged and viewed on your assets and the location in which you live.An other reason why London is so demand to the reader is given a profile partly due to the way the environm ent looks. For example the difference in the appearance of buildings in London helps to create an idea of what a specific place is like. I.e. the Victorian London with two very different sides. This once again relates back to the idea that London symbolises the characters of Jekyll and Hyde. Jekyll is supposedly has decent looks whilst Hyde is defined as being pale and dwarfish, he gave an impression of deformity without any nameable misshapenness (16). Hence this shows how the duality of humans can also be reflected by a location, in this authority I refer to Jekyll and Hyde in London.I believe that the author Robert Louis Stevenson used London as the setting of the story for a couple of reasons. I think that the first reason is that Stevenson was aware of Victorian London and what it was like. The second reason is because Stevenson knew that many people could relate to London as it is widely visited and talked about. This in affect is a writers tool, which helps to draw the rea der into the novel. It also helps because it means that the writer does not have to set the pic himself, it has already been done. Settings help to identify what the story is about, along with the way in which it is written.Overall I believe that London is a key element to this tremendous novel, and if the story was based on any other city I do not believe that it would have had the same impact on the readers. In conclusion London is the spine to this book, which helps emphatically because it gives a good base for the theme of duality, which another key part of the novel.

Fetal Pig Dissection Essay Example for Free

Fetal Pig Dissection Essay-Three pairs of exocrine glands in the m step to the foreh that secrete saliva the parotid, submandibular (sub maxillary), and sublingual glands The parotid is the largest and most easily visible of all the salivary glands. The sunbmaxillary is bean shaped and situated under the bigger parotid gland. The submandibular gland lies bordering the jaw line. Glottis-The opening between the vocal cords at the upper part of the larynx. The epiglottis is what covers the glottis during swallowing, to block food/water form getting in the trachea. Epiglottis-The function of the epiglottis in a pig is to prevent food from going into the trachea. Epiglottis is attached to the entrance of the larynx and is made of elastic band cartilage. The epiglottis projects up through the soft palate into a region called the nasopharynx Thymus Gland-Gland located near the heart produces several hormones which stimulate development of cells important in immmunity Thyroid Gland- Endocrine gland located below the voice box it produces hormones which control metabolism. The thyroid gland is darker and lies between the posterior ends of the two lobes of the thymus gland. Esophagus-Muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is dorsal to the trachea. Vocal ChordsLungs-To breathe, oxygenize bloodBronchi At end of trachea, branches for air to enter lungs.Stomach Digests food, breaks it downSmall Intestine Finishes digestion, absorbs nutrients, moves food to large intestine Large Intestine Larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for loosening Rectum A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is miserly into a solid form before being eliminated straight, posterior part of large intestine caecum The blind gut houses a large number of bacteria that help in digestion of plant materials, mostly cellulose, that c lay undigested in the stomach and small intestine. Appendix Evolutionary remains of a larger cecumAnus It allows the pig to release wasteLiver Organ that makes bile to break down fats also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood Pancreas Gland that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and produces sodium bicarbonate, a pocketbook that neutralizes stomach acid Spleen Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells

Strengths in basketball Essay Example for Free

attitudes in basketb all EssayIn my Analysis Peace I am going to be analysing Alex combs at basketball game. I chose Alex because he is a talented basketball histrion and I have seen him improve in basketball in various ways since yr7 and I smack I potty help him improve even more. Alex has adapted himself into becoming a message and thats the come in I have chosen to help him improve on. I believe with a little stain of flush Alex can make it a far way in basketball. To make it at a professional level in basketball and to be able to become a nubble you privation to have certain qualities and aspects. You need to have self belief because basketball is a game of hang back and error. A great nerve is always willing to try over and over again. Above all a great centre needs to be enthusiastic and determined a successful centre generally wants the ball and will do anything to move it. Also a great centre has the competency to change the flow of the game. He also has th e ability to change his squad mates attitude.A centre needs to be aw be of the rules especially the 3 second rule. In the game basketball the centre controls the game he is the heart of the squad offensively and defensively the more rebounds he makes the more points your team will score lastly You need to be tough dont worry about contact with an other(prenominal) players dont be afraid to use your strength and speed to keep other players from getting the ball. Including those following aspects in that location are other attributes that affect your performance in basketball such asStrength Strength is needed so you are able to compete for rebounds when shots are baffled. Having that extra strength gives you the advantage against other players and enables to bit yourself. This is done by boxing out (sometimes referred to as blocking out). Boxing out is where you position your self between the basket and another player and push them away by backing into them wherefore you have to be close to the basket at all times. Strength is needed so that you can protect the ball after a missed shot.Its classical to rebound so that the other team does not get another chance of scoring and offensively you create another opportunity for your team to score. look sharp Speed is need so that you get to the ball before anyone else after a missed shot allowing you to get the rebound. This also means your reaction and movement time needs to be quick. Speed is need so that youre able to intercept dangerous passes also you need speed endurance allowing you to direct back and defend. Speed is also need when assail your opposition mainly fast breaks.Reaction condemnation Needs to be fairly quick so youre able to intercept passes you need quick reactions allowing you to get between the passer and receiver. Agility The ability to change your direction and body position is highly important in basketball. Its useful to help you to get past defenders. Agility is also important a llowing you to change direction very quickly enabling you to attack the basket at speed. Its also important to be straightaway whilst defending it helps you stay with you defender.Basketball is a fast pace game that requires a lot of movement effort and work. Balance Balance is need so that youre able to stay on your feet which mean you are unlikely to get injured. Its also important because it allows you to perform a successful jump shot or a lay up. Balance is important because if youre being shoved you dont wobble or fall over easily. toughness Stamina is important enabling you to run back to defend your basket and to run up and low the court to get hold of rebounds.Stamina gives you the ability to finish a full intense basketball game. Skill Being ambidextrous having the ability to perform skills with both your left and right hand this a good advantage in basketball because it gives you confidence in your play and gives you various ways of attacking confusing your opponent. L eft hand lay up Right hand lay up portion 2 Alexs Strengths Watching Alex Perform In school matches and watching him in practise gave me the chance to study him carefully. I have recognized some of his strengths in basketball.

Language And Nonsense In Lewis Carrolls Alice Books English Literature Essay

Language And Nonsense In Lewis Carrolls Alice Books English Literature endeavorIm very much afraid I didnt loaded anything merely nonsense. Still, you k straightway, oral communication mean to a greater extent than we mean to express when we expend them so a whole book ought to mean a great passel more than than the writer means. So, what perpetually good kernels are in the book, Im glad to accept as the message of the book.1Many people think Alices Adventures in Wonderland is an example of the limit-breaking book from the old tradition illuminating the naked one. They as well as consider it cosmos a tale. From the looks of it, the story ab go forth Alice falling through a rabbit-hole and get under ones skining herself in a silly and nonsense domain of a function is fairly guileless as a tale.The primal story, the one about a girl maturing away from home in what seems to be a field ruled by chaos and nonsense, is instead a frightening one. Alice finds herself confr onted in dissimilar situations involving various different and curious animals being all alone. She hasnt got any help at all from home or the world outside of Wonderland. The theme with Alice growing and shrinking into different sizes could reflect the ups and downs of adolescence with young people some clippings tinge adult and some measures quite the opposite. One other(a) example of maturing is Alice getting used to the peeled sizes she grows. She dialogue to her feet and learns some of the new ways her body works in. Her feelings are much shaken from her adventures and she cries quite a great deal when its impossible to obey the rules of the Wonderland or is it adulthood? Everything is so out-of-the-way down here, as Alice a good deal repeats to herself.Carroll is an estimable at puns and irony. The part with the sickish tea-party is one of the best examples of this. MAD TEA PARTYTheres a administer of humour in the first Alice book, but in the second the mood gets a bit darker and more melancholic.The quote Everyone in Wonderland is mad, otherwise they wouldnt be down here told by the Cheshire Cat kindle be given an existential meaning. Is it that everyone alive is mad being alive, or everyone dreaming him- or herself away is mad due to the escape from existence? Time is a very central theme in the story. The Hatters vigil shows age because its always six o clock and tea-time. Time matters in growing up, I guess, but further interpretations are left unstate.The first manuscript was called Alices Adventures Underground, and that some at least the Swedish translation of the title is a bit ambiguous, it puzzles more apparent, that the world Alice enters isnt just any childrens playground, but a slenderly frightening and dangerous place for maturing. It becomes more inte confronting when Alice finally gets into the garden and finds a pack of mentalitys ruling it, with a very evil queen at its head. It appears to be a way of truism that the garden isnt really what it appears to be.http//www.alice-in-wonderland.net/explain/alice841.htmlHumpty Dumpty in shapes Alice that there are three hundred and sixty four days when you might get un-birthday presents. His statement is a nonher augmentation to one of the oldest and rudimentary philosophical contr everyplacesies whether Non-Being, like Being, exists.In thecasuistdialogue, Plato argues that what is not in some sense also is, refuting Parmenides concept of the impossibility of the Non-Being to exist. Non-Being is just a being characterised just now by its difference from another being. Carroll was no stranger to Greek philosophy.Carroll is over and over again seen to be fascinated by the idea that Nothingness is more than what meets the eyeTake some more tea, the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.Ive had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, so I angle take more.You mean you cant take LESS, said the Hatter its very easy to take much than nothing. 2The Hatter told Alice that he knew Time and that one cannot talk about wasting it because Time is him. Time, says the Hatter, is someone that if you only knew how to keep on good terms with him, hed do almost anything you liked with the clock, you could keep it to half-past one as long as you liked.3To Humpty Dumpty, as well as to the Hatter, Time is a real entity. Once we become aware of this reality, Platos concept presents no hindrance to the existence of either birthdays or un-birthdays. As with Time, Numbers withal are portrayed by Carroll as real entities. Upon entering the garden Alice comes up to three card gardeners presented by Carroll as Two, Five and Seven. To Carroll, the Christ Church mathematician, Numbers, like Time, are more than just gazump figures they are real Beings. Carroll venerates here Pythagoras concept about Numbers. Aristotle records that the Pythagoreans held that Numbers were the first things in the whole of genius and that the elements of numbers are the elements of all thingshttp//www.alice-in-wonderland.net/school/alice1017.htmlLanguage plays many roles in Alices Adventures in the Wonderland. Carroll illustrates Alices springs of reason, gives her identity and explores rules of conversation.From the commencement exercise of the book, Carroll portrays Alice as a remarkably intelligent little girl, demonstrating this through her verbal argument. After drinking the bottleful and shrinking down to the proper size for entering the garden, she finds she has left the key to the garden on the table, now far above her head. Finding a cake that will likely produce another variety in her size, she decides to eat it. If it makes me grow larger, I can reach the key and if it makes me grow smaller, I can creep under the door so both way minacious get into the garden, and I dont financial aid which happens.4Alice wisely recognizes that any change in size, whether it be smaller or larger, can suit her purpose.Alices power of cerebr ate seem to be inadequate to a little girls character. One could certainly argue that Alices brazen- awardd reasoning as to the advantages of eating the cake is uncharacteristic of a child.However, even while Carroll uses Alices reasoning to become attention to her, he acquisitionfully weaves Alices childish nature into her lyric, as when she announces and I dont care which happens5. Despite her splanchnic reasoning, her speech is still childish. Indeed, Alices reasoning is always stated plainly, as a child might conceivably speak. At the mad tea party, when the Dormouse is telling his story, Alice keeps interrupting. Noting discrepancies in the story that the others seem to overlook, she says But I dont understand. Where did they give suck the treacle from?6Alice has observed that it is difficult to draw something out of a well if you are al assumey in the well, yet the rest of the characters treat Alices questions with impatience. Despite the sense of her questions, they are phrased as a child asking, why? repeatedly, which keeps her in character for a little girl even as she displays her intelligence. In this manner her reasoning stands out from the complexities of the nonsensical Wonderland.Another function of style in Alice in Wonderland is to explore Alices identity. According to Martin Heidegger7, gracious identity is dependents on speech communication. Alice shows evidence of this identity through language. Having found her size so abruptly neutered with eating the cake, she questions if she is still herselfLet me think was I the same when I got up this morning? I almost think I can remember feeling a little different. But if Im not the same, the next question is Who in the world am I? Ah, thats the great puzzle8And she began thinking over all the children she knew that were of the same age as her, to see if she could have been changed for any of them.Carroll also explores the rules or kindly conventions of language. Early in the story, Alic e strikes up a conversation with a mouse. She only succeeds in offending it, however, by talking about catsOh, I beg your pardon cried Alice hastily, afraid that she had hurt the poor animals feelings. I quite forgot you didnt like cats.Not like cats cried the Mouse in a shrill, passionate voice. Would you like cats, if you were me?9 by means ofout her time in Wonderland, Alice learns to adjust her conversation contents to her size, and not offend creatures with reminders of where they rank on the food chain. She demonstrates her new agreement of Wonderlands rules of etiquette during her visit with the Mock TurtleOh, as to the whiting, said the Mock Turtle, they youve seen them, or course?Yes, said Alice, Ive often seen them at dinn she checked herself hastily.10Alice has learned from her previous encounters with Wonderland creatures what is considered offensive by the rules of language, and stops herself just in time from keying that in her world, whiting are food, not frie nds.If any one of them can explain it, said Alice, (she had enceinte so large in the last few minutes that she wasnt a bit afraid of interrupting him,) Ill give him sixpence. I dont believe theres an atom of meaning in it.If theres no meaning in it, said the King, that saves a world of trouble, you know, as we neednt try to find any. And yet I dont know, he went on, spreading out the verses on his knee, and looking at them with one eye I seem to see some meaning in them, afterward all.11The King then proceeds to dissect the poem in order to find its meaning. He is, in fact, analyzing the poem with the interpretation already decided upon a fallacy that is all in like manner easy for an overzealous scholar to commit. Alice, on the other hand, is willing to take the poem at face value as a poem and nothing more thereby displaying the innocence that Sontag so wistfully describes. Using the conflict between the King and Alice, Carroll makes a statement about the danger of exhausti ng to read too much into a work of art.Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland is a great exploration of language. Carroll uses language to confine Alice apart as intelligent, even while he uses simplicity of diction to show that she is still a little girl. Using a mixture of introspection and conversation, Carroll explores the issue of identity, successfully demonstrating that Alices identity through her reasoning abilities, even though she herself doubts who she is. Carroll also plays with the rules of language and how they are learned, by putting Alice in unheard of situations and demonstrating how she learns the new laws of conversation etiquette. Finally, by showing the absurdness of using a poem as criminal evidence, Carroll berates his readers for trying to read too much into his own story. The many roles of language in Alice in Wonderland show Carrolls skill at manipulating words to make his points.http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/13706/the_roles_of_language_in_alice_in_ wonderland.html?cat=38Carroll makes a contrast between the absurdity of the plot and the rationality behind the characters comprehension of Alices language and their literal manipulation of words, phrases, and names. Carroll toys with linguistic conventions in the Through the Looking Glass, making use of puns and playing on multiple meanings of words throughout the text. The author fixs words and expressions and even invents new meanings for words.But even after a sense of the pattern is established, the perceptive use continues to surprise. This method pushes readers to examine the use of language and articulation. Anything is possible in Wonderland, and Carrolls manipulation of language reflects this sense of unlimited possibility.Written in nonsense verse, Jabberwocky is almost a satirical heroic ballad that embodies Lewis Carrolls imaginative language play. The poem creates an altered sense of meaning through invented words. These invented words have English attributes and are simple to read and say, they just do not have meaning outside the context of the poem. he lyrical arrangement, sound of the syllables, and placement in the syntax give many clues as to each words meaning, but no precise definition can be determined. Jabberwocky shows how words void of any meaning in and of themselves can have power, tone, and feeling. After reading it Alice is only sure of one thing, somebodykilledsomething (Carroll 97).Later in the story, Carroll revisits the topic of names and the poem Jabberwocky when Alice meets Humpty Dumpty. Humpty Dumpty, who seems to be substituting words at will, tells Alice he can control of his words as well as their meanings.Shortly before meeting Humpty Dumpty, in chapter four, Alice meets a pair of twin who seem to be mysteriously under the control of language. Tweedledee and Tweedledum are twins who converse in a manner suggesting a difference of opinion as Tweedledee often remarks Contrariwise However that which follows this exple tive doesnt ever seem to be contrary as exhibited when Tweedledum tells Alice I know what youre thinking aboutbut it isnt so, nohow, the other follows adding Contrariwiseif it was so, it might be and if it were so, it would be but as it isnt, it aint. Thats logic (Carroll 114). The recitation of a glasshouse rhyme about the two has predictive powers in Looking-glass world.Words seem to initiate their battle preparations, as if Tweedledum and Tweedledee are predestined by the rhymes she recites, similar to the White Queen telling Alice she remembers things that happen week after next (Carroll 126). The foretold actions and emotions of Tweedledee and Tweedledum illustrate that language can have real power and influence, a message reiterated by the battle of the Lion and the Unicorn.Lewis Carrolls seemingly absurd destabilization of language has the ability to comment on language in society in a unique and simplistic manner. This is exhibited with great ease and admirable form while s eeing Carrolls hilarious characters and situations run a constant discourse on the nature and possibilities of language. He creates a duality in his treatment of language in Alices Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. By splitting words from meanings and names from individuals, Carroll implies an emptiness of words and phrases. However, he also infuses language with the power to create real outcomes and words with power to have several meanings. Language, like life, can aggravate and confuse, but it also contains possibilities that goes unrecognized everyday.http//www.suite101.com/content/properties-of-language-alices-adventures-in-wonderland-a229304In conclusion Carrolls wonderland charters (all adults) are complete mockeries of the adults that Victorian children had to obey.(Hayes, 2) They show the ignorance and absurdity of their time. merely Carroll does show a note of hope. At the end of the first book Alice stands up and expresses her feelings that the whol e mental test is nonsense and that the soldiers were just a pack of cards. In the second book Alice, sick of the chaos and confusion, mobilize the courage to challenge the Red Queen. With these two achievements Alice breaks the spell of the domineering, repressive authority figures(Makinen, 2) and gives hope that in reality this could also be possible.http//www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=25907Meaning, according to Humpty Dumpty Weve had enough of that subject, and it would be just as well if you mention what you mean to do next, as I suppose you dont mean to stop here all the rest of your life.12

The Water Crisis In South Africa

The pee Crisis In southern AfricaSouth Africa is currently facing a urine crisis. Our sources ar scarce and they are constantly being dirty and exploited by unsustainable practices in areas such as agriculture and industry. Unless realistic goals and solutions are utilise to manage the weewee supply, we will become increasingly dependent on obtaining weewee from external sources.Sources of WaterSouth Africas wet resources have always been very limited, and with change magnitude population, the demand for wet has also increased. This puts a lot of strain on South Africas weewee supplies because 65% of the country gets less than 500mm of annual rainfall. This rainfall is inconstant and is practically contaminated by silt and erosion. thither are various areas where South Africa stores and pleonasticcts water. Most of the water we use comes from surface run-off (9 500 million m3/ class of the total of 12871 million m3/year), al close 78.5%. Most run-off from rainfall is held in decameters such as the Gariep dam, the Vaal dam and the Sterkfontein dam. 66% of water in main rivers is not used for economic or social purposes tho remains in the rivers. Another source of water is groundwater held in aquifers. This water is transported by underground underground systems. It jakes also be brought to the surface by digging puff ups or building boreholes. Groundwater supplies about 10% of our national water supply. Because South Africa does not have the resources to supply the countrys water demand, we import extra from Lesotho. This may result in dependency on countries such as Lesotho. Long term plans such as desalinisation of seawater could be used to supply water, notwithstanding solutions such as this nonpareil are very expensive and difficult to do.Availability and DistributionDistribution of water in South Africa is very uneven as thither is a shortage of water in the west but an abundance in the due east. This is due to the warm Mozambican cu rrent that flows along the eastern shore in South Africa, contributing to humidity and heavy rains. The cold Benguela current runs along the west coast reduces the fall of water held in the air. The South Indian heights Pressure is also located along the east coast. The high pressure brings high unions of rainfall to the eastern side of South Africa. The South Atlantic High Pressure also brings rain to the western side of the country but only in overwinter when mid-latitude cyclones are present. These factors cause a huge difference in the amount of rainfall experienced on either side of the country, resulting in rainfall higher than 500mm in the east, and lower than 500mm in the west. Because of this huge inequality, water in South Africa is very scarce and not readily available, causing us to import water from other countries such as the aforementioned Lesotho. Water supply in cities is also lower than in rural areas. For example, in Cape Town, because rainfall is scarce in th e summer and spring seasons, water for internal and industrial use is pumped into the city by underground pipe systems. A lot of the water in South Africa cannot be use as it is either salty seawater or it has been polluted by people, industry and agricultural practices, negatively effecting availability in the country.Usage by Economic SectorsWater is utilized by three main economic arenas agriculture, factories and forestry. In agriculture, which uses 64% of South Africas available water, water is used for irrigation and livestock. Using it for crop farming can be damaging because the water is polluted by chemicals such as insecticides and pesticides. This infiltrates into rivers and groundwater and can reduce South Africas available water resources. 29% is used in factories and manufacturing. This can also be harmful as the water is mixed with poisonous chemicals such as nitrates in the lead being released back into the surroundings. The other 6% of water used in the economi c sector is used in forestry. It is used to irrigate forestry plants for companies such as SAPPI who produce paper and the like, until the forest is well enough established to grow and thrive without irrigation. The water that is used in the economic sector reduces the amount of water that can be used domestically. The water used in these sectors is also often utilized in unsustainable manners, as it returns to the environment containing pollutants. Another economic sector which utilizes water unsustainably is the mining sector. Mine shafts often become flooded and excess water from the mines is released back into the environment containing highly toxic pollutants and sediment from the mines. forethought and SolutionsThere are multiple ways in which water can be used sustainably. bucolic sectors can reduce the amount of fresh water they use by using grey water from areas such as drain pipes to water crops and gardens. Grey water can also be used in toilet systems. The forestry sect or can use sustainable practices such as plant natural trees which use less water than alien species such as gum trees. To conserve water in the household, public messages could be sent out by the government and municipalities to shower instead of bath, and to avoid planting alien species in their gardens, such as roses and pansies. The government could fund new projects such as the wrench of new dams which would be used domestically, in industry, for irrigation and for hydroelectric power. However, this does have a negative aspect to it, as dams are very expensive to build and can often be damaging to the surrounding environment if not designed properly. Another step which could be taken to conserve South Africas water is wetland conservation. Wetlands can regulate pollutants and diseases carried in water. Wetlands reduce erosion, they purify water and they contain bacteria which break down organic fertiliser compounds. They also prevent droughts and floods which saves the gover nment about R21 million. Wetlands also help regulate river flow which is where we get most of our usable water from. Another form of managing water is Water harvesting. This involves collecting rain water during a storm and preventing it from running off. Not only does this prevent erosion, but this water can then be used for agricultural purposes instead of fresh river water. This is a cheap, easy practice which can be enforced on all farms. A simple way to prevent water wastage is by controlling excess losses. These can come in the form of pipe leaks and wasteful irrigation methods. Water pipes should be strictly monitored and regularly checked to ensure that no water is being lost through leakages. Irrigation methods such as canals and nebulizer are unreliable, because while the water is in the canals it can infiltrate into the soil or evaporate before it reaches the crops so extra water has to be used. Spray irrigation is unreliable as the wind can shock absorber the spray away before it reaches the crops. Methods of irrigation such as drip irrigation should be implemented as it is untold more efficientConclusionAlthough water resources in South Africa are currently being over-exploited and unsustainably managed, there are multiple methods of conservation which can be implemented to improve South Africas permanent water supply.

Properties of Dopamine in Chemistry

Properties of Dopamine in chemistryChapter 2. Literature Review2.1 IntroductionIn recent years, natural bond certificate has attracted change magnitude wariness in the material engineering field. This so-and-so be mainly attri notwithstandinged to the oceanic mussel as it has a strong ability to attach to various scrapes in an aqueous environment where they reside. These surfaces vary from natural to synthetic, and inorganic to organic.49-51 Previous studies on the mussel agglutinate protein hold in discovered that 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine-lysine sequences, may be the main contributor for the versatile nature of the marine mussel.52, 53 Dopamine, having a similar body structure with this sequence, may provide a unsanded platform for bioengineers to physically or chemically enhance the death penalty of other biomaterials. Several papers gather in already been published regarding the drill of dopamine to augment other biomaterials, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as po ly ( ethyl radicalene glycol), carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. The first part of this review leave alone briefly introduce the basic properties of dopamine which will be fol mortifieded by its applications2.2 Properties of DopamineDopamines properties can be shared out into chemical and adhesive properties. The chemical properties mainly focus on the autopolymerization in aerated basic themes and polymerization of dopamine based on vinyl groups. The adhesive property is dopamines most significant feature which gives dopamine its advantage as a biomaterial.2.2.1 Chemical Properties2.2.1.1 Autopolymerization in Aerated Basic SolutionsMessersmith and coworkers first reported that dopamine is fit to auto-polymerize in aired Tris buffer of pH 8.5.8. The process of dopamine autopolymerization with a pre-existent substrate results in polydopamine (PDA) films organism deposited on the substrate surface. daylong substrate exposure times and high reception temperatures result in thic ker PDA films being formed.54 irrespective of the surface type, the inserted PDA films can be coated on the desired surface, even poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), known for its anti-adhesive property.82.2.1.2 polymerisation of Dopamine Based on Vinyl GroupsPolymers carrying pendant dopamine are normally obtained by thoroughgoing polymerization of vinyl monomers with protected or unprotected dopamine. When meditating protected dopamine carried by polymers with double bone, borax (Na2B4O710H2O) is astray apply as the protecting reactant in rank to keep dopamine from forming an annular bidentate catechol subunit.55 Normally, the polymerized reaction of protected dopamine happens in a liquid resolving and forms linear chains. Deprotection reaction usually occurs in an acidic environment and results in the polymer carrying dopamine. Dimolybdenum trioxide56, 1-dromotoluene57 and denzophenone chloride58 can also be roled as protecting agents. Zhang et al.59 knowing a story polym er poly (n-acryloyl dopamine) that possesses high adhesion to wood, especially when mixed with polyethylenimine (PEI) at more or less 150C. They employ a protected double bond dopamine as a monomer and 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) as an initiator via revolutionary polymerization, following the deprotection of dopamine in an acid solution. When meditating unprotected dopamine, Lee BP et al.60 was the first to report a germinal hydrogel that copolymerizes modified dopamine with double bond and polyethylene glycol diacrylate via photo initiation by exploitation a 2,20-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetonephenone (DMPA) initiator. As a result of this invention, greater attention has been given to hydrogels as a new artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) in the bio checkup field. Dopamine belongs to the catechol family which leads to vinyled dopamine to act as an inhibitor.61, 62, as a result they can react with radicals to inhibit polyreaction. The unprotected dopamine, modified with a vin yl group, is able to undergo free-radical polymerization. Several explorees have done this experiment on radical polymerization to prove the dependability of this method.63-75 The research group led by Metin Sitti, copolymerized a dopamine derivate (dopamine meth-acrylamide) with methoxyethylaceylate to obtain a reversible adhesion on the surface of nonflat glass under dry or wet condition.65 In another publication, 2-(meth-acryloyloxy) ethyl phosphate was used to copolymerize with dopamine methacrylamide, followed by a complicated cohesion in which the copolymer bonded with positively supercharged polymer, divalent calcium and magnesium.71 The chemical properties of dopamine provide the platform of its strong adhesive properties.2.2.2 viscid PropertyThe adhesive property of dopamine is one of the most significant properties of dopamine as it has proven to be very versatile in adhering to various surfaces despite the surface chemistry. The bonding between dopamine and surfaces c an be generally distributed to two parts covalent and non-covalent.10Surfaces which possess amine groups or thiol groups can covalently clog to dopamine via Michael addition or Schiff base reactions. However since most surfaces dont have those groups, non-covalent bonding, equal H-bond, - interaction and benzenediolcharge-transfer compounds are preferred to generate a valid layer and metallic chelating.7, 53, 76-87 In a high pH environment, metal ions and medal oxides have a high chance of being hydroxylated or hydrated, which make chelate with catechol groups of dopamine much easier. This can be seen from many experiments done on polydopamine linking with metal oxides (such as Fe2O3, Fe4O3, ZrO2) through chelating bonding interaction.82, 84, 85 This can be seen when polydopamine nanoparticle suspensions are added to a solution of KMnO4 with H2SO4. A core- example nanoparticle structure is created in which the polydopamine act as the core and MnO2 act as shell, followed by blendi ng the KOH solution to obtain MnO2 nanospheres. This adhesive property of dopamine provides promising opportunities for new bioengineered materials.2.2.3 CNTFor decades, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been attracting increasing attention because of their superior features, such as thermal conductivity, excellent tensile strength and remarkable conductivity. They have been utilise in various different areas, from sensing elements to catalysis, and from semiconductors to inductors for osteocytes. In order for CNTs to have a wide range of applications, surface modification is necessary. However, during this modification various intermediate reactions steps are required which augment the complexity of the CNTs fabrication. Dopamine modification has been viewed as an promising alternative, leading to a coated multifunctional CNT with a polymeric shell that has tunable thickness by time, pH value and temperature.88 The dopamine surface facilitates the addition of alternate modifications to the surface of CNTs, such as favorable nanoparticles.88 Whats more, CNTPDAs, first, were modified with ATRP initiator and then polymerized with diethylamine methacrylateto to form brushes polymer poly (dimethylamine-thyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) on the surface.89 Following that the functionalized CNT were quaternized in order to combine palladium nanoparticles on the CNTs surface. These two examples indicate the potency of dopamine coated CNTs to bind to metal complexes.2.3 ApplicationsThere are many different applications in which dopamine could be applied in three of them will be the focus here including applications in hydrogels, nanofibers, and biosening. These fields are of great by-line currently as they show great promise for dopamine in bioengineering.2.3.1 HydrogelThe need of a steamy hydrogel, as a unique material, is dramatically increasing in various biomedical fields. The high performance requirements of adhesive hydrogels are strict and various. This includes b eing sufficiently adhesive in a wet environment, sufficient elasticity of artificial tissue scaffold and biocompatible.60, 90 Moreover, biomedical hydrogels also need a quick sol-gel mutation for avoiding surgical obstruction. Recently, adhesive hydrogel, inspired by strong wet adhesion of mussel and cross-bonding capabilities of dopamine, has been attracted increasing attention and considered as a hopeful candidate to fulfill this technologic niche.91Messersmith et al.92 reported the creation of four different adhesive hydrogels utilize dopamine differential coefficient (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)) as end-groups and poly(ethylene glycol) ( reefer) as a backbone. The difference of these four hydrogels can be divided into 2 subcategories, linear network and branched network. They applied multiple-angle laser light scattering to study the influences of different oxidative reagents on DOPA oxidation and hydrogel formation. The result showed that gelation time of PEG-DOPA g els relied on oxidative reagents, such as concentration and type. In Lee H.s report, they also used DOPA and PEG to form hydrogels, but this time they used DOPA modified with methacryloyl chloride and PEG diacrylate instead of pure DOPA and PEG. In order to avoid introducing toxicity of oxidative reagent to the hydrogels and any loss of adhesion, the hydrogels underwent UV initiation.60 These photo-imitated gels demonstrate appreciable elastic properties for use as a promising biomedical material. Using a similar method Phillip B. Messersmiths research group also synthesized an adhesive hydrogel, prepared by copolymerizing DOPA with hydrophobic segments of an amphiphilic block copolymer under photo-imitation. The adhesive property of the hydrogel was surprisingly remediated in the presence of DOPA in wet condition. The elasticity of the hydrogel was run aground to be similar to that of soft tissues leading to consider it as a encouraging candidate for biomaterial.93 advance resear ch conducted by Messersmith and coworkers focused on the biological capabilities of dopamine-PEG adhesive gels. In 2010 they reported that DOPA as end-caps covalently bonded with an amine-terminated 4-arm PEG. The PEG was the core in which oxidative reagents (NaIO4) were added to form an adhesive hydrogel in less than 1 minute.94 The results of the in vivo test, performed in a murine model, showed the adhesive gels caused minimal inflammation and were stably interfaced with the surrounding tissues for more than 24 months. To form a catena degradable adhering polymer, three materials were reacted to form a semblable branched polymer, including dopamine derivative as end-group, PEG and polycaprolactone (PCL) as a backbone.95 These polymers are able to form films whose properties, such as swelling capacity and biodegradation, were bendable by changing the ratio, or concentration of these reactants or by adding other additive agents. After coating these adhesive polymers on a biologic meshes, stronger water system-resistant was exhibited when compared with fibrin sealant or cyanoacrylated polymers.95 Applications for this biomaterial can be prolonged in the surgical field for hernia repair.Stewarts group published several papers about adhesive hydrogels based on complex cohesion. In 2010 they created a bio-mimic hydrogel blending with revised gelatin and a copolymer which is obtained by a dopamine derivative reacting with monoacryloxyethyl phosphate in an alkaline condition.71 The addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the bio-mimic hydrogel could significantly improve the coacervation of the hydrogel, which was applied to tune agglomeration temperature to body temperature. The result show that the cohesion interaction was biodegradable, perfectly suited for medical applications. In another similar research, an adhesive hydrogel was synthesized by complicated cohesion of a positively charged copolymer and a terpolymer involving a dopamine derivative when its pH was higher than 4.70 The bonding property of the hydrogel to hydroxylapatite was around 40% of common cyanoacrylate glue. T.G. Parks group developed a temperature sensitive and injectable tissue-attachable hydrogel.96 The hydrogel was synthesized by conjugating hyaluronic acid and dopamine, following by cross-linking with thiol tail-ended Pluronic F127 via Michael addition. The hydrogel precursor exists at room temperature, and a cured hydrogel is formed when brought to a temperature of 37C. In a later paper, they used a similar strategy forming hydrogel by blending a dopamine derivative modified chitosan with thiol-capped Pluronic F127 at body temperature.97 The adjustable gelation time of this block copolymer made it qualified for tissue-repair at 37C. The resulting hydrogel dedicated excellent in vivo results, where chitosan attend tod as hemostatic agent and dopamine derivative group acted as adhesive agent to soft tissues.2.3.2 NanofiberTissue engineering tends to use nanofiberous bio materials instead of a micropores matrix since the filiform and polyporous nanolevel structure allow for artificial extracellular matrix to enhance the fundamental cellular procedures.98 Nanotechnology reformation have aided in the development of techniques for the production of such a nano-composite materials.Electro-spinning has recently obtained increasing attention, attributing to its briefness and facility for nanofiber fabrication. Through this technique, tough structures are easily tuned in order to coordinate it with the extracellular matrix (ECM).99, 100 So far, this technique has been studied in a range of biological fields, such as bone and skin regeneration.The artificial polymer ECMs usually have difficulties with interfaced reactions between tissues and materials.101 For electro-spinning nanofibers in applications of biomedicine, it is necessary to physically and chemically combine them with biomolecules or cell-recognizing ligands.102 This subsequently provides bio-m odulating or biomimetic micro- environments to contacting cells and tissues. Dopamine coating can be considered as a simple and versatile approach to modify various synthetic polymers so that they are able to serve in biomedical applications.49-51 Ku and coworkers103 firstly reported culturing gay endothelial cells on a polydopamine treated electro-spun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber membrane. They used two control groups, pure PCL nanofibers and PCL nanofibers coated with gelatin, to investigate the ability of cell attachment of dopamine. The result of the water contact angle demonstrated that polydopamine uniformly was coated on the PCL nanofibers. Polydopamine also significantly improve endothelial cells attachment on the nanofiber, compared with other non-adhesive substrates. Moreover, endothelial cells culture on PCL nanofibers coated by dopamine had developed cytoskeleton, positive PECAM-1 and vWF expressions and high cell extend.Rim and coworkers104 designed dopamine funct ionalized electro-spinning poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) nanofibers with minimal influence on its mechanical performances, like wetting capability and roughness. The polydopamine coated PLLA nanofibers significantly enhanced cell attachment and the degree of spread, contradistinguishing with pure PLLA nanofibers. Meanwhile, its fibrous morphology had changed to more of a polygon shape instead of sphere after the polydopamine coating, which lead to higher DNA content of polydopamine treated PLLA nanofibers. The higher gene expressions of cells cultivated on polydopamine treated fibers indicated better osteogenic specialty and vasculogenesis.Extensive research regarding the chemical or physical coating of metal on the surface of scaffolds to increase tensile strength has been done.105 Jungki Ryu et al.106 used dopamine to process hydroxyapatite deposits on PCL nanofiber by coating it. The result demonstrated a combination of surface activation through dopamine coating and hydroxyapatite min eralization allowing the hybridization of various shapes and surfaces. In other reported, Xie and coworkers107 considered dopamine as a superglue, allowing minerals to easily attach to fibrous surfaces. The mechanical properties of mineral functionalized electro-pinning PCL nanofibers, such as stiffness, durability and tensile strength, were near to that of natural bone. Dopamine coated nanofibers show an improvement on existed biomaterials such as their mechanical performances, and cell adhesion. This makes them quite suitable for tissue regeneration and other cogitate bioengineering applications.2.3.3 BiosensingThere is an enormous demand to design highly sensitive and selective biosensors for multiple applications, such as diagnostics, drug screening, and drug discovery.108 Biosensors usually are in the microscale or nanoscale109 and there are legion(predicate) methods to develop them, such as DNA110 and antibody-based sensor111, 112. Scientists employ dopamine in order to opti mize biosensors capabilities which have been reported by several research groups.Lui and coworkers first reported that dopamine could be used in a biosensor.113 They used electricity to oxidize dopamine to form polydopamine on a gold electric pole with existing nicotine. The dopamine-imprinted sensor showed outstanding selectiveness of nicotine and excellent repeatability. Furthermore, Ouyang and coworkers developed a one-step well-defined structure of a dopamine-imprinted sensor.114 They applied electro-polymerization of o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) and dopamine with existing glutamic acid (Glu). By using a potentiostatic time scan, the sensor exhibited satisfactory stereo selectiveness of bonding L- or D-Glu because their relative synthetic receptor. In a different publication, they designed protein imprinted nanowires which dopamine was also involved.115 First, the protein-coupled alumina membrane was immersed in dopamine solution followed by an ammonium persulfate solution in orde r to self-polymerize polydopamine in which afterward the removal of the attached protein is necessary. The nanowires demonstrated constant bonding capability and selectiveness of template proteins due to their cavity structure with bonding spots (like amino group, hydroxyl, - stacking and van der Waals force) that can bind with protein. In another research, Zhou et al. display the creation of magnetic nanoparticles coated by imprinted polymer with a pre-existing template protein.116 The nanoparticles are able to separate target protein from the mixture. In order to investigate the versatility of the imprinted nanoparticles, they operated on a binding test by using five different proteins excluding the template protein. The result indicated that more than 80% of target proteins were rebinding with imprinted nanoparticles, suggesting imprinted nanoparticles have a bright future to be employed for separating and detecting specific protein. matchless of the greatest difficulties for bio sensors is how to immobilize enzymes on the surface of an electric pole and preserve the enzymes functionalities. Wei et al. designed a novel glucose electrochemical sensor, prepared by using a polydopamine film to entrap glucose oxidase and gold nanoparticles.117 Their research displayed a polydopamine matrix embedded with gold nanoparticles that had high efficiency of immobilizing glucose oxidase. The dopamine film embedded gold nanoparticle biosensor showed a superior sensitivity, good repeatability, linear over broad dynamic range and a low detective threshold. Furthermore, in order to assess adaptability of this sensor, they use it to test glucose concentration in attenuated human serum. The result suggested this biosensor is an attractive material for clinical applications